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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about experience or practice
classical conditioning
learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than ther original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
unconditioned response
an involuntary response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with a original unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
the disappearence or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimus or the removal of reinforcer
reinforcer
any event or object that when following a response increases the liklihood that the response will occur again
spontaneous recovery
the reappearence of a learned response after extinction has occured
higher order conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus ccausing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
conditioned emotional response
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
vicarious conditioning
classical caonditioning of a reflex response by watching the reaction of another person
conditional taste aversion
development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association
which of the following statements about learning is NOT true
a. Learning is another word for maturation
b.learing is relatively permanent
c.learning involves changes in behavior
d. learning involves experience
a
ed noticed that whenever he used the electric can opener his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling and meowing pitifully. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food the sound of the can opener had become the ________
conditioned stimulus
which of the following statements about conditioning is FALSE
a.The CS and UCS must come close together in time
b. The CS must come immediately after the UCS
c.the neutral stimulus and UCS must be paired several times before conditioning takes place
d. all the above are true
b
The prologue is about Stephanie's fear of white coats as a child the fact that she is notonly afraid of white coats worn by doctors and nurses but also those worn by photographers is an example of
stimulus generaliztion
when a conditioned response is briefly appears after it has been extinguished it is called
spontaneous recovery
The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called
higher order conditioning
Biological prepardness
referring to the tendency in animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only a few pairings due to the survival value of learning
stimulus substitution
orignal theory in which pavlov stated that classical conditioning occured because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
in watson's experiment with "little Albert" the unconditioned stimulus was
the loud noise
The fact that the CS must come immediately before the UCS and not after is a problem for the ________ theory of why classical conditioning works
stimulus substitution
Rescorla found that CS must _________ the UCS for conditioning to take place
predict
your pet parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti noodles later the poor bird gets very ill what would the research on biological preparedness predict
the parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they look like spaghetti noodles
Law of effect
law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by a unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated
operant
any behavior that is voluntary
reinforcment
any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probablity that the response will occur again
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic need such as hungar thirst or touch
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after pairing with a primary reinforcer such as praise tokens or coins
positive reinforcement
the reinforcment of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
negative reinforcment
the reinforcement of a response by the removel of , escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimuls
shaping
the reinforcment of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior
successive approximations
small steps in behavior one after the oter that lead to a particular goal behavior
discrimintive stimulus
any stimulus such as a stop sign or a doorknob that provides organisms with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcment
in Thorndikes puzzle box experiment the cats were rewarded by
getting out of the box and getting food
____ is an example of a primary reinforcer whereas_____ is an example of a secondary einforcer
a.candy bar,a gold star
b.a gold star,money
c.food,a drink
d.a gold star, candy
a
occurs when a response is followed by experiencing something pleasurable
positive reinforcement
partial reinforcment effect
the tendency that is reinforced after some but not all correct responses to be very resistent to extinction
continuous reinforcment
the reinforcment of each and every correct response
punishment
any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal
the punishmant of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
instinctive drift
endency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
token economy
type of behavior modification in which the desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
applied behavior analysis(ABA)
modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
biofeedback
the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
nuerofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until it's application becomes useful
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
insight
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
observational learning
learning new behaviors by watching a model perform tha behavior
learning/performance distintion
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual perfoemance of the learned behavior
4 elements of observatonal learning
attention
memory
imitation
motivation
cognition refers to
the mental events that take place when a person is behaving
seligman found many similarities between his helpless dogs and people suffering from
depression
koehler determined that sultans two stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was
sudden and rapid