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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about experience or practice
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classical conditioning
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learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than ther original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
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unconditioned response
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an involuntary response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with a original unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response (CR)
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learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
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stimulus generalization
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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
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stimulus discrimination
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the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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extinction
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the disappearence or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimus or the removal of reinforcer
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reinforcer
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any event or object that when following a response increases the liklihood that the response will occur again
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearence of a learned response after extinction has occured
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higher order conditioning
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occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus ccausing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
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conditioned emotional response
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emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
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vicarious conditioning
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classical caonditioning of a reflex response by watching the reaction of another person
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conditional taste aversion
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development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association
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which of the following statements about learning is NOT true
a. Learning is another word for maturation b.learing is relatively permanent c.learning involves changes in behavior d. learning involves experience |
a
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ed noticed that whenever he used the electric can opener his cat would come into the kitchen and act hungry-drooling and meowing pitifully. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cat's food the sound of the can opener had become the ________
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conditioned stimulus
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which of the following statements about conditioning is FALSE
a.The CS and UCS must come close together in time b. The CS must come immediately after the UCS c.the neutral stimulus and UCS must be paired several times before conditioning takes place d. all the above are true |
b
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The prologue is about Stephanie's fear of white coats as a child the fact that she is notonly afraid of white coats worn by doctors and nurses but also those worn by photographers is an example of
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stimulus generaliztion
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when a conditioned response is briefly appears after it has been extinguished it is called
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spontaneous recovery
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The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called
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higher order conditioning
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Biological prepardness
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referring to the tendency in animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only a few pairings due to the survival value of learning
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stimulus substitution
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orignal theory in which pavlov stated that classical conditioning occured because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
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in watson's experiment with "little Albert" the unconditioned stimulus was
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the loud noise
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The fact that the CS must come immediately before the UCS and not after is a problem for the ________ theory of why classical conditioning works
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stimulus substitution
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Rescorla found that CS must _________ the UCS for conditioning to take place
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predict
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your pet parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti noodles later the poor bird gets very ill what would the research on biological preparedness predict
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the parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they look like spaghetti noodles
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Law of effect
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law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by a unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated
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operant
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any behavior that is voluntary
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reinforcment
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any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probablity that the response will occur again
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primary reinforcer
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any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic need such as hungar thirst or touch
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secondary reinforcer
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any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after pairing with a primary reinforcer such as praise tokens or coins
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positive reinforcement
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the reinforcment of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
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negative reinforcment
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the reinforcement of a response by the removel of , escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimuls
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shaping
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the reinforcment of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior
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successive approximations
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small steps in behavior one after the oter that lead to a particular goal behavior
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discrimintive stimulus
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any stimulus such as a stop sign or a doorknob that provides organisms with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcment
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in Thorndikes puzzle box experiment the cats were rewarded by
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getting out of the box and getting food
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____ is an example of a primary reinforcer whereas_____ is an example of a secondary einforcer
a.candy bar,a gold star b.a gold star,money c.food,a drink d.a gold star, candy |
a
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occurs when a response is followed by experiencing something pleasurable
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positive reinforcement
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partial reinforcment effect
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the tendency that is reinforced after some but not all correct responses to be very resistent to extinction
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continuous reinforcment
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the reinforcment of each and every correct response
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punishment
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any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again
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punishment by application
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the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
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punishment by removal
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the punishmant of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
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instinctive drift
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endency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
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behavior modification
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the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
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token economy
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type of behavior modification in which the desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
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applied behavior analysis(ABA)
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modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
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biofeedback
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the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
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nuerofeedback
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form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
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latent learning
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learning that remains hidden until it's application becomes useful
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learned helplessness
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the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
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insight
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the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
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observational learning
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learning new behaviors by watching a model perform tha behavior
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learning/performance distintion
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referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual perfoemance of the learned behavior
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4 elements of observatonal learning
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attention
memory imitation motivation |
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cognition refers to
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the mental events that take place when a person is behaving
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seligman found many similarities between his helpless dogs and people suffering from
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depression
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koehler determined that sultans two stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was
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sudden and rapid
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