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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
the scientific study of mind and behavior |
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mind |
private, inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings |
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behavior |
observable actions of human beings and non-human animals |
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Perception |
recognize things |
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language |
organize and communicate |
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memory |
avoiding repetition |
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emotions |
react quickly and form bonds |
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Structuralists |
analyze the mind by breaking it down into basic components |
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functionalists |
mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments |
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Nativism |
certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn (Plato believed this) |
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Philosophical Empiricism |
all knowledge is acquired through experience (Aristotle believed this) |
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Dualism |
how mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior |
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Descartes |
mind is different from the body (mind influences body through pineal gland) |
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Hobbes |
mind is what the brain does |
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Phrenology |
overall theory flawed; certain traits are localized in specific regions of the brain (Gall developed this) |
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Gall |
thought that bumps on the skull reflected personality traits (brain and mind linked, but by size not glands) |
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Physiology |
the study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
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Stimulus |
sensory input from the environment |
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Reaction Time |
amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
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Consciousness |
a person's subjective experience of the world and mind |
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Introspection |
subjective observation of one's own experience |
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Wundt |
emphasized the relationship between elements of consciousness (analyzed the relation between feelings and perceptual sensations) |
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Titchener |
identifying the basic elements of consciousness themselves |
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James |
disagreed with Wundt's claim that consciousness could be broken down into separate elements; developed functionalism (worked in an academic setting) |
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Functionalism |
the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
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Hysteria |
temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions (as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences) |
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Unconscious |
operates outside of conscious awareness, but influences consciousness |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (Freud developed this) |
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Psychoanalysis |
bringing unconscious into consciousness to better understand psychological disorders |
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Freud |
worked with clinical patients; his views on humans were dark; less influential today; ideas were difficult to test |
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Humanistic Psychology |
an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of humans (Maslow and Rogers) |
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Behaviorism |
scientific study of objectively observable behavior |
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Watson |
focuses on what people do rather than what people experience; goal: predict and control behavior in ways that benefit society; easier to measure |
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Reinforcement |
the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again (Skinner box) |
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Illusions |
errors of perception, memory, and writings in which subjective experience differs from objective reality (Wertheimer focused on these) |
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Gestalt Psychology |
emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
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Lewin |
a person's behavior was predicted by understanding the person's experiences (used topology-mathematics) |
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Cognitive Psychology |
study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
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Chomsky |
language relies on mental rules that allow people to understand and produce words and sentences (use language through reinforcement) |
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Behavioral Neuroscience |
links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
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Cognitive Neuroscience |
study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
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Social Psychology |
study of the causes and consequences of sociality (Lewin and Asch) |
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Cultural Psychology |
study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members (Wundt-known for developing experimental psych) |
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Absolutism |
culture makes no difference; universal |
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Relativism |
psychology varies across cultures |
