Psychology

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Iconic

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visual

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echoic

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auditory

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Rehearsal

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the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the info

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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 Imagery
 Organization
 Meaning to info (semantics)
 Linking it to your life

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Serial Position Effect

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the ability to recall items in some order

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Primacy Effect

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first items in a series remembered easier

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Recency Effect

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the words you hear most recently will be remembered best

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 Retrieval Cues

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stimuli that help gain access to memories

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Encoding failure

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info was never inserted into memory

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Decay

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memory traces fade with time

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Interference

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competition from other material

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Retrograde

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forget what happened before the event, but not the event itself

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Anterograde

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-forgetting the entire event

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Prospective

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memory about remembering to do something

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Retrospective Memory

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remember events of the past or previously learned behavior

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Phonology

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sound sequences that occur in the language

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Morphology

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units of meaning involved in word formation

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Syntax

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ways words combine to form acceptable phrases and sentences

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Semantics

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meanings of words and sentences

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Pragmatics

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appropriate use of language in context

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Infinite Generativity

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ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

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First word at what age

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10 to 15 months

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Telegraphic speech

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use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

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Expanding

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restating what a child has said

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Labeling

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identifying names of objects

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Test-retest reliability

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reliability between time points is consistent and reliable, expect to see similarity

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Content validity

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refers to the content of the assessment

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Construct validity

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evidence that were measuring what were supposed to be measuring

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Average IQ

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100

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Gifted

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130

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Binet

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how we got to a standardized IQ of 100

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Mental Age

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- measure of an individuals level of mental development relative to others

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IQ formula

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mental age/chronological age x 100

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

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eleven subscales: verbal IQ and performance IQ

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Spearman

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g: general intelligence, S: specific intelligence individuals have both

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Thurstone

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-multiple factor theory that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities

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Sternberg

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- three main domains of intelligence: analytical-scores high on standardizd tests, creative-creative thinking on ones feet, quick problem solving, alternative answers, practical-street smarts

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Gardner

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multiple intelligences: verbal, mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, musical skills, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

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Intellectual disability prevalence, categories, and percentages

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1.5%, of that 85% fall into mild category,moderate, severe, or profound

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Organic

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physical damage, trauma, accident

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. cultural familial

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grows up in a low IQ home

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3 ring conception

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exceptional intelligence in specific domain, exceptional commitment, exceptional creativity

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Motivation

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-influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior

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Drive Theory

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motives are driven by some internal state of tension

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Biological motives

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hunger, thirst, sex

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Social motives

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acheivement, affiliation, dominance, nuturance, order, autonomy, play

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Hierarchy of needs

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physiological needs(food and drink), safety needs(security), belongingness and love(acceptance and affection), esteem(approval and recognition), cognitive(knowledge and understanding), aesthetic (beauty and symmetry), self actualization

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Germinal Period

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first two weeks post-conception, attachment of zygote to uterine wall

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Embryonic Period

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2 to 8 weeks post conception, rate of cell differentiation intensifies

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Amniotic Sac/fluid beneftis

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 Temp/Humidity control
 Shook proof environment
 Protection against infection
 Protection again dehydration

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Fetal Period

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The period that begins 2 months after conception and lasts on average 7 months

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Teratogens

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Anything that can cause birth defect or death

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APGAR scale

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activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration 7-10=good score

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Cephalocaudal

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head to tail

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proximodistal growth

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in the core, out

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children can walk

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14 months

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Top 3 causes of infant mortality

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chromosomal abnormalities, short gestation and low birth weight, SIDS

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5 readiness signs

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stay dry for at least 2 hours, regular routine, physical ability to control until they get to bathroom, discomfort with soiled diapers, desire to be a big boy/big girl

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory

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1. Trust vs Mistrust- cannot spoil a child in the first year of life
2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt- child aquring self sufficiency, holding back on punishment
3. Initiative vs guilt- want a child to try new things, self confidence
4. Industry vs confusion- counteracting feeling of inferiority
5. Identity vs confusion- who am I and where am I going
6. Intimacy vs isolation- sharing life with someone else or not
7. Generativity vs self absorbtion- will I produce something of rel value
8. Integrity vs despair- have I lived a full life

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Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

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1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

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Object Permanence

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recognize that objects still exist even when not in sight

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Egocentrism

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limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

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Conservation

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physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

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Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning stages

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1. - fallible rather than absolute
2. Individual principles and conscience orientation- equity and justice

3. 4 Identities/stagesPunishment Orientation- right and wrong is determined by what is punished
4. Naïve Reward Orientation- right and wrong determined by what is rewarded
5. Good boy/good girl orientation- others approval or disapproval
6. Authority orientation- determined by societal rules, laws

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Social contract orientation

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o Achievement-sucessful achievement of a sense of identity
o Foreclosure-unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values
o Moratorium-active struggling for a sense of identity
o Diffusion-absence of struggle for identity with no obvious concern about it

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Stage of Dying

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1.) Denial and Isolation: individuals refuse to believe that their condition is terminal: inaccurate diagnosis, disease will go away, tend to seek isolation from others, want other opinions
2.) Anger: “why me?”, dying person may become difficult to care for, anger displaced and projected
3.) Bargaining: Person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed or delayed.
Some people enter into a bargaining or negotiating- often with God- as they try to delay their death
4.) Depression: Dying person comes to accept the certainty of death. At this point, a period of depression or preparatory grief may appear. The dying person may become silent, refuse visitors.
5.) Acceptance: Person develops a sense of peace; an acceptance of one’s fate; and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone. In this stage, feelings and physical pain may be virtually absent.