Psychology

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classical conditioning

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a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

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neutral stimulus

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a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training

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unconditioned reponse (UCR)

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an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned response (CR)

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the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

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generalization

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responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

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discrimination

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the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

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extinction

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the gradual disapperance of a conditioned response when the conditoned stimulus is reapeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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operant conditioning

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learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

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reinforcement

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stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

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primary reinforcer

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stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

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secondary reinforcer

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stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer

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fixed-ratio schedule

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schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained

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variable-ratio schedule

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schedule of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of reponses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

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fixed-interval schedule

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schedule of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement

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variable-interval reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement

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response chain

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learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

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aversive control

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process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

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negative reinforcement

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increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

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escape conditioning

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training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

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avoidance conditioning

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training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts

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social learning

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form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others

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cognitive learning

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form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result form observation or imitation

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cognitive map

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a mental picture of spatioal relationships or relationships between events

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latent learning

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learning that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior

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learned helplessness

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condition in which repeated attemtps to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

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modeling

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learning by imitaitng others; copying behavior

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behavior modification

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systematic application of learning principles to change people's acitons and feelings

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token economy

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conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, wchich an be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards

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Ivan Pavlov

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-discovered the principle of classical conditioning
-Pavlov's dog

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4 elements involved in classical conditioning

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UCS, UCR, CS, & CR

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spontaneous recovery

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a CR will sometimes reappear spontaneously after extinction

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classical conditioning and human behavior

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classical conditioning may be used to affect human behavior, such as taste aversions and fears

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B.F. Skinner

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operant conditioning means that human behavior is influenced by one's history of rewards and punishments

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4 kinds of reinforcers

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positive, negative, primary & secondary

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2 types of reinforcement

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continuous and partial

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shaping

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reinforcing responses that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior