Psychology

Front 1

Habituation

Back 1

We adapt to stimuli-such adaptation is a form of habituation.
Ex.: when we stop noticing the ticking of a clock

Front 2

Classical conditioning

Back 2

A procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already triggers a reflexive response until the previously neutral stimulus alone evokes a similar response.

Front 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

The automatic, unlearned reaction to a stimulus.

Front 4

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 4

The new stimulus beig paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 5

The response that is elicited.

Front 6

Reconditioning

Back 6

The quick relearning of a conditioned response after extiction.

Front 7

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 7

The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction.

Front 8

Stimulus generalization

Back 8

After a conditioned response is acquired, stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the response - to a lesser degree.

Front 9

Acquisition

Back 9

A neutral stimulus and an uncondition-ed stimulus (UCS) are paired. The neutral stimulus becones a conditioned stimulus (CS), eliciting a conditioned response (CR).

Front 10

Stimulus discrimination

Back 10

Generalization is limited so that some stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus do not elicit the conditioned response.

Front 11

Extinction

Back 11

The conditioned stimulus is presented alone, without the conditioned stimulus. Eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response.

Front 12

Edward L. Thorndike, an American psychologist.

Back 12

Thorndike was studying animals' intelligence and ability to solve problems. He tested animals like cats with a puzzle box. The cats' learning was governed by the Law of effect.

Front 13

Instrumental learning

Back 13

Thorndike described responses that produced discomfort to be less likely to be repeated. Responses are strengthened when they are instrumental in producing rewards.

Front 14

Positive reinforcement

Back 14

These are events that strengthen a response if they are expereinced after the response occurs.

Front 15

Negative reinforcers

Back 15

These are stimuli such as pain, threats, or a disapproving frown that strenghthen a response if they are removed after the response occurs.

Front 16

B. F. Skinner

Back 16

Skinner called the basic process of instrumental conditining operant conditining. In operant conditioning the organism is free to respond at any time, and conditioning is measured by the rate of responding.

Front 17

Escape conditioning

Back 17

Learning to make a response that ends a negative reinforcer.

Front 18

Avoidance conditioning

Back 18

Learning to make a response that avoids a negative reinforcer.

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

Decreasing the frequency of behavior by either presenting unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one.

Front 20

Reinforcement may be delivered on a continuous reinforcement schedule or one of four basic types of partial, or intermittent, reinforcement schedules:

Back 20

Fixed ratio (FR), variable ratio (VR), fixed interval (FI), and variable interval (VI).

Front 21

Albert Bandura

Back 21

Found that children who saw aggression showed that aggression in play.

Front 22

Learned helplessness

Back 22

Appears as the result of people when they belive that their behavior has no effect on the world.

Front 23

Premack Principle

Back 23

When parents allow a teenager to use the car after he mows the lawn, they are offering activities high on the teenager's preference list to reinforce performance of activities lower on the hierarchy.

Front 24

Disequilibrium hypothesis

Back 24

Is illustrated by imagining a man who prefers eating over all other activities.

Front 25

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedules

Back 25

reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.

Front 26

Variable-ratio (VR)

Back 26

call for reinforcement after a given number of responses

Front 27

Fixed-interval (FI) schedules

Back 27

provide reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward

Front 28

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

Back 28

reinforce the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time varies.

Front 29

Shaping

Back 29

This is accomplished by reinforcing successsive approximations, responses that come successively closer to the desired response.