Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

the activation of receptors in the various sense organs

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

the method by which the brain takes all the sensations that we experience and interprets them in a meaningful way

Front 3

Sensory receptors

Back 3

specialized forms of neurons

Front 4

Absolute threshold

Back 4

the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present

Front 5

Just noticeable difference

Back 5

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

Front 6

Subliminal stimuli

Back 6

stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

Front 7

Subliminal perception

Back 7

process by which subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind and influence behavior

Front 8

Sensory adaptation

Back 8

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Front 9

Habituation

Back 9

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

Front 10

Retina

Back 10

is the final stop for light in the eye and it contains photoreceptors that respond to various light waves

Front 11

Rods

Back 11

visual sensory receptors responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light

Front 12

Cones

Back 12

visual sensory receptors responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

Front 13

Blind spot

Back 13

area in the retina where the axons of the retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve

Front 14

Dark adaptation

Back 14

the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

Front 15

Light adaptation

Back 15

the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darknessEx. Walking out of a dark movie theaterCones are responsibleFaster than dark adaptation

Front 16

Trichromatic theory:

Back 16

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Front 17

Opponent-process theory

Back 17

theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellowLooking at one color for a long time weakens the ability to inhibit the opposing color

Front 18

Monochrome colorblindness

Back 18

either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all (very rare)

Front 19

Red-green colorblindness

Back 19

either the red or the green cones are not working

Front 20

Blue colorblindness

Back 20

the blue cones are not working (less common than red-green)

Front 21

Wavelength

Back 21

interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low)

Front 22

Gestalt Principles

Back 22

Figure–ground, and Reversible figures

Front 23

Figure–ground

Back 23

The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

Front 24

Reversible figures

Back 24

Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

Front 25

Linear perspective

Back 25

parallel lines appear to converge

Front 26

Relative size

Back 26

objects are assumed to be far away when they are small

Front 27

Interposition

Back 27

object that appears to block another object is closer

Front 28

Aerial perspective

Back 28

far objects appear hazy

Front 29

Texture gradient

Back 29

textured surfaces appear smaller and finer when farther away

Front 30

Motion parallax

Back 30

close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

Front 31

Accommodation

Back 31

the brain uses information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye to determine closeness of objects

Front 32

Binocular Cues

Back 32

Convergence and Binocular Disparity

Front 33

Convergence

Back 33

the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object which results in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant

Front 34

Binocular disparity

Back 34

the difference in images between the two eyes which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

Front 35

Perceptual set

Back 35

to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

Front 36

Top-down processing

Back 36

the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

Front 37

Bottom-up processing

Back 37

the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception