Psychology 2

Front 1

Steps in a Scientific Investigation

Back 1

1. Formulate a testible hypothesis

2. Select the method and design the study

3. Collect the data

4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions

5. Report the findings

Hint 1

5 steps

Front 2

Operational Definition

Back 2

Describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

Front 3

Independant variable

Back 3

A condition or event that an expirementer varies in order to see its impact on another variable.

Front 4

Dependant variable

Back 4

The variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable

Front 5

Goals of the science of psychology

Back 5

1. The measurement and description of behaviour

2. the understanding and prediction of behaviour

3. The application of this knowledge to the task of controlling behaviour

Hint 5

3 goals

Front 6

expiremental group

Back 6

The group that recieves some special treatment in regard to the independant variable

Front 7

control group

Back 7

subjects who do not recieve the special treatment given to the expiremental group

Front 8

Extraneous variables

Back 8

any variables other than the independant variable that seems likely to influence the dependant variable(s) in a specific study

Front 9

Confounding of variables

Back 9

occurs when two vriables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects

Front 10

Expiremental Research

Back 10

involves the manipulation of an independent variable to determine its effects on on a dependant variable.

Front 11

Naturalistic Observation

Back 11

A researcher engages in careful observation of behaviour without intevening directly with the subjects or participants

Front 12

Reactivity

Back 12

occurs when a subject's behaviour is altered by the presence of an observer

Front 13

Case study

Back 13

In-depth investigation of a single participant.

Front 14

Descriptive Statistics

Back 14

used to organize and summerize data

Front 15

Types of averages

Back 15

Mean: arithmetic average of scores in a distribution.

Median: the score that falls in the exact centre of a distribution

Mode: The most frequent score in a distribution

Hint 15

Mean, Median, Mode

Front 16

Frequency polygon

Back 16

a line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution

Front 17

Frequency distribution

Back 17

an orderly arrangement of scores indicationg the frequency of each score or a group of scores

Front 18

Negative/positive skewed distribution

Back 18

Negative: when most scores pile up at the high end of the distribution

Positive: When most scores are on the low end

Hint 18

backwards

Front 19

Variability

Back 19

how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean

Front 20

Standard deviation

Back 20

an index of the amount of variability in a set of data

Front 21

normal distribution

Back 21

a symetrical, bell-shaped curve the represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population

Front 22

percentile score

Back 22

indicate the percentage of people who score at or below a particular score

Front 23

The Correlation Coefficient

Back 23

is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

Front 24

Inferential Statistics

Back 24

used to interpet data and draw conclusions

Front 25

Statistical Significance

Back 25

said to exist when the probability of that the observed findings are due to chane is very low (fewer than 5 chances in 100)

Front 26

meta-analysis

Back 26

The combination of the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effects

Front 27

sample/population

Back 27

The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical stuudy/the much larger population from which the sample is drawn

Front 28

sampling bias

Back 28

exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn

Front 29

placebo effect

Back 29

occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though the the treatment was inactive

Front 30

social desirability bias

Back 30

a tendency to give socially approved anwers to questions about oneself

Front 31

response set

Back 31

a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions

Front 32

Experimenter bias

Back 32

occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

Front 33

double blind procedure

Back 33

a research strategy in which neithe subjects or experimenters know the identity of the experimental or control groups

Front 34

internet mediated research

Back 34

refers to studies in which data collection is done using the Web

Front 35

CPA's code of ethics

Back 35

1. Respect for the dignity of persons

2. Responsible caring

3. Integrity in Relationships

4. Responsibility to society

Hint 35

4 principles