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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Afferent Nerves (A for arrive at the brain) |
or sensory nerves, carry information to the brain and spinal cord.
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Efferent Nerves (e for exit the brain) |
or motor nerves, carry information out of the brain and spinal cord—that is, they carry the nervous system's output
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Neural Networks |
These are interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output
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2 primary divisions of the nervous system |
Central Nervous system, Peripheral Nervous system |
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Central Nervous System |
is the brain and spinal cord. More than 99 percent of all our nerve cells are located in the CNS
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Peripheral Nervous System |
is the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. The functions of the peripheral nervous system are to bring information to and from the brain and spinal cord and to carry out the commands of the CNS to execute various muscular and glandular activities.
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PNS two divisions |
Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems |
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Somatic Nervous system |
Consists of sensory nerves(afferent) and Motor nerves (efferent). |
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Autonomic Nervous system |
Takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. controls involuntary actions such (heart rate)
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2 divisions of Autonomic Nervous system |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Sympathetic Nervous system |
Arouses the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress
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Parasympathetic Nervous system |
Calms the body
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Corticosteroids |
Chemical released in the brainn |
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4 characteristics of the CNS |
1. Complexity 2. Integration 3. Adaptability 4. Electrochemical transmission |
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2 types of cells in the nervous system |
Neurons and Glials |
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Neurons |
are the nerve cells that handle the information-processing function.
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Glials |
(or glia) provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions in the nervous system. Glials keep neurons running smoothly. |
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Neuron anatomy |
Cell body, dendrites, and axon |
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Cell body |
Contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance
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Dendrites (use Chemicals to communicate between neurons) |
Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. Most nerve cells have numerous dendrites, which increase their surface area, allowing each neuron to receive input from many other neurons
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Axon |
The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. (Myelin Sheath protects the Axon)
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How does the Neuron create electrical signals? |
By moving positive and negative ions through the axon membrane. |
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Resting Neuron charge |
Ion channels closed/negative charge on inside of membrane, positive on outside |
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Resting potential |
the voltage caused by the polarization between the inner and outer membrane (neg/pos) between -60 and -75 millivolts. |
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Action potential |
describes the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon. abides by the ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE like a fuse.
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Neurons communicate by? |
Chemical signals |
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Synapses |
Tiny spaces between neurons. the gap between neurons is referred to as the synaptic gap. |
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Terminal buttons |
the branch-like ends of axons |
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Where are neurotransmitters stored |
synaptic sacs within the terminal buttons |
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Purpose of neurochemical messengers? |
neurotransmitters stimulate or excite neurons to fire, others can inhibit neurons from firing.
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Acetycholine |
usually stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in the action of muscles, learning, and memory. Alzheimers associated with lower levels. |
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Gaba |
GABA is important in the brain because it keeps many neurons from firing. Anxiety is often associated with deficient GABA
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Glutamate |
has a key role in exciting many neurons to fire and is especially involved in learning and memory
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Norepinephrine |
inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract. Stress stimulates the release of norepinephrine. This neurotransmitter also helps to control alertness. low levels associated with depression.
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Dopamine |
Dopamine helps to control voluntary movement and affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and the ability to recognize/anticipate rewards in the environment. Dopamine is related to the personality trait of extraversion. Lower levels Parkinsons disease. Schizophrenia from too much.
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Serotonin |
Serotonin is involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning. In regulating states of sleep and wakefulness, it teams with acetylcholine and norepinephrine. There are 15 known types of serotonin receptors in the brain. Low seratonin associated with depression |
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Endorphins |
Endorphins are natural opiates that mainly stimulate the firing of neurons. Endorphins shield the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure. |
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Oxytocin |
Oxytocin is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding. |
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Agonist |
A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects |
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Antagonist |
a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects |
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Brain lesioning |
An abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease. In a lab setting, neuroscientists produce lesions in laboratory animals to determine the effects on the animal's behavior.
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Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
Records the brain's electrical activity. Electrodes placed on the scalp detect brain-wave activity. |
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3 overall methods how scientists study the brain |
Brain Lesioning, Electrical recording (EEG), Brain Imaging (Cat,Pet, Mri) |
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CAT (computerized axial tomography) |
Produces a three-dimensional image obtained from X rays of the head that are assembled into a composite image by a computer. The CT scan provides valuable information about the location and extent of damage involving stroke, language disorder, or loss of memory. |
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Positron-emission tomography (PET scan) |
PET measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain and then sends this information to a computer for analysis. Neurons use glucose for energy, so glucose levels vary with the levels of activity throughout the brain. Tracing the amounts of glucose generates a picture of activity levels throughout the brain. |
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Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) |
Involves creating a magnetic field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of the person's tissues and biochemical activities. it cannot portray brain function. |
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Functional Mri (FMRI) |
Allows scientists literally to see what is happening in the brain while it is working. fMRI exploits changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity. |
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Basic Organization of the brain |
Spinal chord, hindbrain, midbrain, forbrain |
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Hindbrain |
located at the skull's rear, is the lowest portion of the brain. The three main parts of the hindbrain are the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. |
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Medula |
Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull. This structure controls many vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate. It also regulates our reflexes
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Cerebellum |
Extends from the rear of the hindbrain, just above the medulla. It consists of two rounded structures thought to play important roles in motor coordination practiced movement. |
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Pons |
A bridge in the hindbrain that connects the cerebellum and the brain stem. It contains several clusters of fibers involved in sleep and arousal. |
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Brain Stem |
Includes much of the hindbrain (it does not include the cerebellum) and the midbrain. The most ancient part of the brain, the brain stem evolved more than 500 million years ago (Carter, 1998). Clumps of cells in the brain stem determine alertness and regulate basic survival functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. |
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The Midbrain |
located between the hindbrain and forebrain. the midbrain relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears |
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Reticular formation (in the mid brain) |
A diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and turning to attend to a sudden noise. |
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Forebrain |
The brains largest division and its forward most part. limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex |
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Limbic system |
a loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex, is important in both memory and emotion. principal structures are the amygdala (emotional awareness and expression) and the hippocampus(Formation and recall of memories). |
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Amygdala |
almond-shaped , base of the brain both sides. amygdala is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival. |
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Hippocampus |
has a special role in the storage of memories.Individuals who suffer extensive hippocampal damage cannot retain any new conscious memories after the damage. |
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Thalamus |
a forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the central core of the brain. It serves as an essential relay station |
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Basal Ganglia |
The basal ganglia work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements. Basal ganglia enable people to engage in habitual behaviors. |
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Hypothalamus |
monitors three pleasurable activities—eating, drinking, and sex—as well as emotion, stress, and reward. |
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Cerebral Cortex |
part of the forebrain and is the most recently developed part of the brain in the evolutionary scheme. cortex means “bark”. outer layer of the brain. most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning |
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Neocortex |
the outermost part of the cerebral cortex. In humans, this area makes up 80 percent of the cortex. The size of the neocortex in mammals is strongly related to the size of the social group in which the organisms live.
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Lobes |
The wrinkled surface of the cerebral cortex is divided into two halves called hemispheres |
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4 region(lobes) of the hemisphere |
occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal
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Occital lobes |
located at the back of the head, respond to visual stimuli.
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Temporal lobes |
Part of the cerebral cortex just above the ears, are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory. People with damage to the temporal lobes cannot file experiences into long-term memory. |
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Frontal lobes |
behind the forehead, are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles and movement. |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Part of the frontal lobes. is involvedinigher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self-control |
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Parietel lobes |
located at the top and toward the rear of the head, are involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control |
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Somatosensory cortex |
processes information about body sensations. It is located at the front of the parietal lobes. Important part of the cerebral cortex. |
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Motor cortex |
at the rear of the frontal lobes, processes information about voluntary movement. |
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Association cortex |
Embedded in the brain's lobes, the association cortex makes up 75 percent of the cerebral cortex. integrate sensory and motor informatio. |
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corpus callosum |
large bundle of axons connecting the brain's two hemispheres, has something to do with relaying information between the two sides. |
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Left hemisphere |
Speech and grammar are localized to the left hemisphere
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Right hemisphere |
dominates in processing nonverbal information such as spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion |
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Association areas are in which lobes |
All (Important for higher order thinking) |
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Broca's area |
Control of speech |
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Wernicks Area |
Understanding Language |
