Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Bipolar disorder
|
A mood disorder marked by dramatic swings in mood , ranging from manic episodes top depressive episodes
|
|
|
Psychological disorder
|
A set of behavioral, emotional, and/ or cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing or disabling in terms of social functioning, work, endeavors, and other aspects of life
|
|
|
Bipolar disorder
|
A mood disorder marked by dramatic swings in mood , ranging from manic episodes top depressive episodes
|
|
|
Maladaptive behaviors
|
behaviors or actions that run counter to what is in one’s own best interest
|
|
|
Psychological disorder
|
A set of behavioral, emotional, and/ or cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing or disabling in terms of social functioning, work, endeavors, and other aspects of life
|
|
|
Abnormal behavior
|
behavior that is atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, and or deviant
|
|
|
Maladaptive behaviors
|
behaviors or actions that run counter to what is in one’s own best interest
|
|
|
Insanity
|
a legal determination of the degree to which a person is responsible for criminal behaviors
|
|
|
Abnormal behavior
|
behavior that is atypical, dysfunctional, distressful, and or deviant
|
|
|
Stigma
|
A negative attitude or opinion about a group of peoplebased on certain traits or characteristics
|
|
|
Insanity
|
a legal determination of the degree to which a person is responsible for criminal behaviors
|
|
|
Cormorbidity
|
The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
|
|
|
Stigma
|
A negative attitude or opinion about a group of peoplebased on certain traits or characteristics
|
|
|
Medical model
|
An approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes
|
|
|
Cormorbidity
|
The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
|
|
|
Anxiety disorders
|
A group of psychological disorders associated with extreme and or debilitating irrational fears
|
|
|
Medical model
|
An approach suggesting that psychological disorders are illnesses that have underlying biological causes
|
|
|
Panic attack
|
Sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly , often with no obvious trigger, and includes symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, lightheadedness, and fear of dying
|
|
|
Anxiety disorders
|
A group of psychological disorders associated with extreme and or debilitating irrational fears
|
|
|
Specific phobia
|
A psychological disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation
|
|
|
Panic attack
|
Sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly , often with no obvious trigger, and includes symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, lightheadedness, and fear of dying
|
|
|
Agoraphobia
|
extreme fear of situations involving public transportation, open spaces, or other public settings
|
|
|
Specific phobia
|
A psychological disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation
|
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
A psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life
|
|
|
Agoraphobia
|
extreme fear of situations involving public transportation, open spaces, or other public settings
|
|
|
Obsessive-complusive disorder
|
A psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and/or complusions that are time-consuming and cause a great deal of distress
|
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
A psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life
|
|
|
Obsession
|
A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, aoften causes anxiety and distress
|
|
|
Obsessive-complusive disorder
|
A psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and/or complusions that are time-consuming and cause a great deal of distress
|
|
|
Compulsion
|
A behavior or “mental act” that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety
|
|
|
Obsession
|
A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, aoften causes anxiety and distress
|
|
|
Major depressive disorder
|
A psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep and loss of energy
|
|
|
Compulsion
|
A behavior or “mental act” that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety
|
|
|
Learned helplessness
|
A tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior
|
|
|
Major depressive disorder
|
A psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep and loss of energy
|
|
|
Manic episodes -
|
States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an expansive mood
|
|
|
Learned helplessness
|
A tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior
|
|
|
Schizophrenia -
|
A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior
|
|
|
Manic episodes
|
States of continuous elation that are out of proportion to the setting, and include irritability, very high and sustained levels of energy, and an expansive mood
|
|
|
Psychosis -
|
Loss of contact with reality that is sever and chronic
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior
|
|
|
Delusions-
|
Strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary
|
|
|
Psychosis
|
Loss of contact with reality that is sever and chronic
|
|
|
Hallucinations -
|
perceptual-like experiences that an individual believes are real, but that are not evident to others
|
|
|
Delusions
|
Strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary
|
|
|
Negative symptoms-
|
behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent;includes social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, and loss of energy and follow up
|
|
|
Hallucinations
|
perceptual-like experiences that an individual believes are real, but that are not evident to others
|
|
|
Diathesis-stress model -
|
stress-vulnerability model, constitutional vulnerability
|
|
|
Negative symptoms
|
behaviors or characteristics that are limited or absent;includes social withdrawal, diminished speech, limited or no emotions, and loss of energy and follow up
|
|
|
Dopamine hypothesis -
|
a theory suggesting that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia
|
|
|
Personality disorders –
|
A group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognitions, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control
|
|
|
Diathesis-stress model
|
stress-vulnerability model, constitutional vulnerability
|
|
|
Antisocial personality disorder –
|
A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack remorse
|
|
|
Borderline personaility disorder –
|
a psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, exreme self criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness
|
|
|
Dopamine hypothesis
|
a theory suggesting that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia
|
|
|
Dissociative disorders –
|
Psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning, may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control
|
|
|
Dissociative amnesia –
|
A psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events
|
|
|
Personality disorders
|
A group of psychological disorders that can include impairments in cognitions, emotional responses, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control
|
|
|
Dissociative fugue –
|
A condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner
|
|
|
Dissociative identity disorder –
|
A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual
|
|
|
Antisocial personality disorder
|
A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack remorse
|
|
|
Borderline personality disorder
|
a psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, exreme self criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness
|
|
|
Dissociative disorders
|
Psychological disorders distinguished by disturbances in normal psychological functioning, may include problems with memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor control
|
|
|
Dissociative amnesia
|
A psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events
|
|
|
Deinstitutionalization
|
The mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, and the attempt to reintegrate them into the community
|
|
|
Biomedical therapy
|
Drugs and other physical interventions that target the biological processes underlying psychological disorders primary goal is to reduce symptoms
|
|
|
Dissociative fugue
|
A condition in which a person with dissociative amnesia wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner
|
|
|
Psychotherapy –
|
Talk therapy, a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life
|
|
|
Behavior therapy –
|
a type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change
|
|
|
Dissociative identity disorder
|
A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual
|
|
|
Electric approach therapy –
|
Drawing on multiple theories and approaches to therapy to tailor treatment for a client
|
|
|
Free association –
|
A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient says anything that comes to mind
|
|
|
Deinstitutionalization
|
The mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, and the attempt to reintegrate them into the community
|
|
|
Interpretation
|
a psychoanalytic technique used to discover unconscious conflicts driving behavior
|
|
|
Resistance
|
A patient’s unwillingness to cooperate in therapy; assign of unconscious conflict
|
|
|
Biomedical therapy
|
Drugs and other physical interventions that target the biological processes underlying psychological disorders primary goal is to reduce symptoms
|
|
|
Transference
|
A type of resistance that occurs when a patient reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents or other caregivers from childhood
|
|
|
Psychodynamic therapy
|
A type of insight therapy that incorporates core psychoanalytic themes, including the importance of unconscious conflicts and experiences from the past
|
|
|
Humanistic therapy
|
A type of insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humankind
|
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
Talk therapy, a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life
|
|
|
Person-centered therapy
|
a form of humanistic therapy developed by Rogers aimed at helping clients achieve their full potential
|
|
|
Nondirective
|
A technique used in person-centered therapy wherin the therapist follows the lead of the client during treatment sessions
|
|
|
Behavior therapy
|
a type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change
|
|
|
Therapeutic alliance
|
A warm and accepting client-therapist relationship that serves as a safe place for self-exploration
|
|
|
Empathy
|
The ability to feel what a person is experiencing by attempting to observe the world through the client’s eyes
|
|
|
Electric approach therapy
|
Drawing on multiple theories and approaches to therapy to tailor treatment for a client
|
|
|
Genuiness
|
The ability to respond to a client in an authentic way rather than hiding behind a polite or professional mask
|
|
|
Active listening
|
The ability to pick up on the content and mentions behind words in order to understand a client’s perspective, often by echoing the main point of what the client says
|
|
|
Free association
|
A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient says anything that comes to mind
|
|
|
Exposure
|
A therapeutic technique that brings a person into contact with a feared object or situation while in a safe environment, with the goal of extinguishing or eliminating the fear response
|
|
|
Systematic desensitization
|
A treatment that combines anxiety hierarchies with relation techniques
|
|
|
Interpretation
|
a psychoanalytic technique used to discover unconscious conflicts driving behavior
|
|
|
Aversion therapy
|
Therapeutic approach that uses the principle of classical conditioning to link problematic behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions
|
|
|
Behavior modification
|
Therapeutic approach in which behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment
|
|
|
Resistance
|
A patient’s unwillingness to cooperate in therapy; assign of unconscious conflict
|
|
|
Token economy
|
A treatment approach that uses behavior modification to harness the power of reinforcement to encourage good behavior
|
|
|
Cognitive therapy
|
A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings
|
|
|
Transference
|
A type of resistance that occurs when a patient reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents or other caregivers from childhood
|
|
|
Overgeneralization
|
A cognitive distortion that assumes self-contained events will have major repercussions
|
|
|
Psychodynamic therapy
|
A type of insight therapy that incorporates core psychoanalytic themes, including the importance of unconscious conflicts and experiences from the past
|
|
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy REBT
|
A type of cognitive therapy developed by Ellis, that identifies illogical thoughts and converts them into rational ones
|
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy
|
An action-oriented type of therapy that requires clients to confront and resist their illogical thinking
|
|
|
Humanistic therapy
|
A type of insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humankind
|
|
|
Family therapy
|
A type of therapy that focuses on the family as an integrated system, recognizing that the interactions within it can create instability or lead to the breakdown of the family unit
|
|
|
Antidepressant drugs
|
Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression
|
|
|
Person-centered therapy
|
a form of humanistic therapy developed by Rogers aimed at helping clients achieve their full potential
|
|
|
Mood-stabilizing drugs
|
Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania
|
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs
|
Psychotrpic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
|
|
|
Nondirective
|
A technique used in person-centered therapy wherin the therapist follows the lead of the client during treatment sessions
|
|
|
Antianxiety drugs
|
Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety
|
|
|
Electroconvulsive therapy
|
A biomedical treatment of severe depression that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents
|
|
|
Therapeutic alliance
|
A warm and accepting client-therapist relationship that serves as a safe place for self-exploration
|
|
|
Neurosurgery
|
A biomedical therapy that involves the destruction of some portion of the brain or connections between different areas of the brain
|
|
|
e-therapy
|
A category of treatment that utilizes the internet to provide support and therapy
|
|
|
Empathy
|
The ability to feel what a person is experiencing by attempting to observe the world through the client’s eyes
|
|
|
Social psychology
|
The study of human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to others, including how people behave in social settings
|
|
|
Genuiness
|
The ability to respond to a client in an authentic way rather than hiding behind a polite or professional mask
|
|
|
Social cognition
|
The way people think about others, attend to social information, and use this information in their lives, both consciously and unconsciously
|
|
|
Attributions
|
Beliefs one develops to explain human behaviors and characteristics, as well as situations
|
|
|
Active listening
|
The ability to pick up on the content and mentions behind words in order to understand a client’s perspective, often by echoing the main point of what the client says
|
|
|
Situational attribution
|
A belief that some environment factor is involved in the cause of an event or activity
|
|
|
Exposure
|
A therapeutic technique that brings a person into contact with a feared object or situation while in a safe environment, with the goal of extinguishing or eliminating the fear response
|
|
|
Dispositional attribution
|
A belief that some characteristic of an individual is involved in the cause of a situation, event, or activity
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which the characterisitics of an individual are the cause of an event, and to underestimate the involvement of situational factors
|
|
|
Systematic desensitization
|
A treatment that combines anxiety hierarchies with relation techniques
|
|
|
Just-world hypothesis
|
The tendency to believe the world is fair place and individuals generally get what they deserve
|
|
|
Self-serving bias
|
The tendency to attribute successes to personal characteristics and failures to environmental factors
|
|
|
Aversion therapy
|
Therapeutic approach that uses the principle of classical conditioning to link problematic behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions
|
|
|
False consensus effect
|
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which others think or act like we do
|
|
|
Attitudes
|
The relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people situations, ideas, and things
|
|
|
Behavior modification
|
Therapeutic approach in which behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance
|
A state of tension that results when behaviors are inconsistent with attitudes
|
|
|
Social influence
|
How a person is affected by others as evidenced in behaviors, emotions, and cognition
|
|
|
Persuasion
|
intentionally trying to make people change their attitudes and beliefs which may lead to changes in their behaviors
|
|
|
Token economy
|
A treatment approach that uses behavior modification to harness the power of reinforcement to encourage good behavior
|
|
|
Compliance
|
Changes in behavior at the request or direction of another person or group, who in general do not have any true authority
|
|
|
Foot-in-the door technique
|
A compliance technique that involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request
|
|
|
Cognitive therapy
|
A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings
|
|
|
Door-in-the-face technique
|
A compliance technique that involves making a larger request first, followed by a smaller request
|
|
|
Conformity
|
The urge to modify behaviors attitudes, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others
|
|
|
Overgeneralization
|
A cognitive distortion that assumes self-contained events will have major repercussions
|
|
|
Norms
|
Standards of the social environment
|
|
|
Obedience
|
Changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
|
|
|
Rational emotive behavior therapy REBT
|
A type of cognitive therapy developed by Ellis, that identifies illogical thoughts and converts them into rational ones
|
|
|
Social facilitation
|
The tendency for the presence of others to improve personal performance when the task or event is fairly uncomplicated and a person is adequately prepared
|
|
|
Social loafing
|
The tendency for people to make less than their best effort when individual contributions are too complicated to measure
|
|
|
Diffusion of responsibility
|
The sharing of duties and responsibilities among all group members that can lead to feelings of decreased accountability and motivation
|
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy
|
An action-oriented type of therapy that requires clients to confront and resist their illogical thinking
|
|
|
Deindividuation
|
The diminished sense of personal responsibility, inhibition, or adherence to social norms that occurs when group members are not treated as individuals
|
|
|
Risky shift
|
The tendency for groups to recommend uncertain and risky options
|
|
|
Family therapy
|
A type of therapy that focuses on the family as an integrated system, recognizing that the interactions within it can create instability or lead to the breakdown of the family unit
|
|
|
Group polarization
|
The tendency for a group to take a more extreme stance than originally held after deliberations and discussion
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
The tendency for group members to maintain cohesiveness and agreement in their decision making, failing to consider all possible alternatives and related viewpoints
|
|
|
Antidepressant drugs
|
Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression
|
|
|
Bystander effect
|
The tendency for people to avoid getting involved in an emergency they witness because they assume someone else will help
|
|
|
Aggression
|
Intimidating or threatening behavior or attitudes intended to hur someone
|
|
|
Mood-stabilizing drugs
|
Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania
|
|
|
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
|
Suggests that aggression hypothesis may occur in response to frustersation
|
|
|
Sterotypes
|
Conclusions or inferences we make about people who are different from us based on their group membership, such as race, religion, age, or gender
|
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs
|
Psychotrpic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
|
|
|
In-group
|
The group to which we belong
|
|
|
Out-group
|
People outside the group to which we belong
|
|
|
Social identity
|
How we view ourselves within our social group
|
|
|
Antianxiety drugs
|
Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
To see the world only from the perspective of one’s own group
|
|
|
Discrimination
|
Showing favoritisms or hostility to others because of their affiliation with a group
|
|
|
Electroconvulsive therapy
|
A biomedical treatment of severe depression that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents
|
|
|
Scapegoat
|
A target of negative emotions, beliefs, and behaviors, typically a member of the out-group who receives blame for an upsetting social situation
|
|
|
Prejudice
|
Holding hostile or negative attitudes toward an individual or group
|
|
|
Neurosurgery
|
A biomedical therapy that involves the destruction of some portion of the brain or connections between different areas of the brain
|
|
|
Stereotype threat
|
A “situation threat” in which individuals are aware of others in which individuals are aware of others negative expectations, which leads to their fear that they will be judged and/or treated as inferior
|
|
|
Social roles
|
The positions we hold in social groups, and the responsibilities and expectations associated with those roles
|
|
|
e-therapy
|
A category of treatment that utilizes the internet to provide support and therapy
|
|
|
Altruism
|
A desire or motivation to help others with no expectation of anything in return
|
|
|
Interpersonal attraction
|
The factors that lead us to form friendships or romantic relationships with others
|
|
|
Social psychology
|
The study of human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to others, including how people behave in social settings
|
|
|
Proximity
|
Nearness, plays an important role in the formation of relationships
|
|
|
Mere-exposure effect
|
The more we are exposed to someone or something, the more positive a reaction we have toward it
|
|
|
Social cognition
|
The way people think about others, attend to social information, and use this information in their lives, both consciously and unconsciously
|
|
|
Romantic love
|
Love that is a combination of connection, concern, care, and intimacy
|
|
|
Passionate love
|
love that is based on zealous emotion, leading to intense longing and sexual attraction
|
|
|
Attributions
|
Beliefs one develops to explain human behaviors and characteristics, as well as situations
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
love that consists of profound fondness, camaraderie, understanding, and emotional closeness
|
|
|
Consummate love
|
love that combines intimacy, commitment, and passion
|
|
|
Situational attribution
|
A belief that some environment factor is involved in the cause of an event or activity
|
|
|
Dispositional attribution
|
A belief that some characteristic of an individual is involved in the cause of a situation, event, or activity
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which the characterisitics of an individual are the cause of an event, and to underestimate the involvement of situational factors
|
|
|
Just-world hypothesis
|
The tendency to believe the world is fair place and individuals generally get what they deserve
|
|
|
Self-serving bias
|
The tendency to attribute successes to personal characteristics and failures to environmental factors
|
|
|
False consensus effect
|
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which others think or act like we do
|
|
|
Attitudes
|
The relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people situations, ideas, and things
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance
|
A state of tension that results when behaviors are inconsistent with attitudes
|
|
|
Social influence
|
How a person is affected by others as evidenced in behaviors, emotions, and cognition
|
|
|
Persuasion
|
intentionally trying to make people change their attitudes and beliefs which may lead to changes in their behaviors
|
|
|
Compliance
|
Changes in behavior at the request or direction of another person or group, who in general do not have any true authority
|
|
|
Foot-in-the door technique
|
A compliance technique that involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request
|
|
|
Door-in-the-face technique
|
A compliance technique that involves making a larger request first, followed by a smaller request
|
|
|
Conformity
|
The urge to modify behaviors attitudes, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others
|
|
|
Norms
|
Standards of the social environment
|
|
|
Obedience
|
Changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
|
