Psy 101 Exam 2

Front 1

LEARNING

bandura

Back 1

observational learning; children bobo doll study

Front 2

skinner

Back 2

operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment); rats

Front 3

pavlov

Back 3

classical conditioning (trigger association); dogs

Front 4

classical conditioning

Back 4

unconditioned stimulus (smell of food)

unconditioned response (salivating)

conditioned stimulus (bell)

conditioned response (salivating to bell)

Front 5

generalization

Back 5

the conditioned response 'spreads' to similar stimuli; EX different bells like at the school where the dog study was held

discrimination - conditioned response is restricted to certain stimuli

Front 6

acquisition ; extinction

Back 6

form a new CR ; banish a CR (spontaneous recovery - CR spontaneously returns after extinction and non exposure)

Front 7

higher-order conditioning

Back 7

when a neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response

Front 8

continuous reinforcement schedule

Back 8

reward or punishment after every time

Front 9

operant conditioning

Back 9

learning by reward or punishment

Front 10

primary reinforcement

Back 10

comfortable temp, food, attention (biological)

Front 11

secondary reinforcement

Back 11

a college degree, money, etc

Front 12

shaping

Back 12

reward small approximations of a behavior; ex reward mouse when getting closer to lever

Front 13

positive and negative reinforcement

Back 13

positive means adding or giving; negative means removing or taking away; NOT emotionally + or -

Front 14

intermittent reinforcement schedule

Back 14

not giving reinforcement every time task is completed; better method because will only work for reward

Front 15

criteria for observational learning

Back 15

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Front 16

instinctive drift

Back 16

when instinctual responses slowly over power the trained response; EX dog shaking head when killing prey

Front 17

conditioned taste aversion

Back 17

when a person gets a taste in their mouth connecting an experience with the taste; IE too much mild duds made yack so now get nasty taste

Front 18

MEMORY

personal relevance in memory

Back 18

semantic; highest form of processing; making something connect with a personal experience etc

Front 19

three kinds of processing

Back 19

encoding (phonetic - sound of word, semantic - meaning, structural - of word)

storage

retrieval

Front 20

false memory: schemas

Back 20

generic concept of something; EX said words that related to sleep, but sleep was not actually said; EX people in movie going in and out of restaurant we assumed paid... flashbulb memory: vivid remembrance of story of memory as opposed to event itself

Front 21

serial effects

Back 21

primacy and recency effects make remember words in begining of list and end

Front 22

3 types of memory:

sensory memory

Back 22

couple seconds of memory right after heard, felt, etc

Front 23

working memory

Back 23

limited, magic 7 (people generally limited to 7 pieces of memory at a time), 20 seconds

Front 24

long term memory

Back 24

• long term memory: unlimited in space (might not be able to retrieve it, but the memory is still there)

Front 25

retroactive amnesia

Back 25

losing memories after a traumatic experience (old memories) ; repressed: forgotten because it was so traumatic so it was ignored a lot; dissociative - severe amnesia of past

Front 26

anterograde (proactive) amnesia

Back 26

cant remember events AFTER an accident/trauma (new memories) ; organic - affects learning/memories

Front 27

implicit memory

Back 27

previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences; procedural memory is this

Front 28

explicit memory

Back 28

conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information; EX used to remember an appt

Front 29

declarative memory

Back 29

stores facts; 'textbook learning'; more subject to forgetting; methods: spaced repetition, mnemonic and active recall

Front 30

procedural memory

Back 30

unconsciously remembering the order of which a task was completed

Front 31

semantic memory

Back 31

thinking of what something means; highest form of processing;

Front 32

episodic memory

Back 32

personal experiences that we can recall that connect the new thing learned

Front 33

State dependency

Back 33

mood

level of consciousness

context

Front 34

7 DEADLY SINS: absent mindedness; transience; blocking; misattribution; suggestibility; bias;

Back 34

break in working memory, EX in room forget y; info fades after non use; trying to remember how song goes while listening to another song; when we confuse how we acquired the info; false memories; opinions create what we expect to see

Front 35

PROBLEM SOLVING

What throws us off?

functional fixedness

Back 35

bias that stops a person from using something ohter than the way it is traditionally used

Front 36

irrelevant information

Back 36

often throw you off because you are over thinking the irrelevant info; scisors matchbook cotton example

Front 37

mental set

Back 37

using a way that worked before even though there may be an easier way

Front 38

unnecessary constraints

Back 38

the box around the 6 circles; could go over the lines

Front 39

6 approaches to problem solving

Back 39

trial and error; heuristics - 'rules of thumb'; forming subgroups - breaking down into small problems; working backwards; search for analogies - solutions that worked before; change the representation - graphs, drawings...

Front 40

risky decision making factors

Back 40

objective value (what condo will actually cost)
subjective utility (cost/benefits of buying condo
subjective probabilities (probabilities that you go through while thinking about buying the condo)

Front 41

availability bias

Back 41

tend to estimate probability of the event by the ease at which is comes to mind

Front 42

representativeness bias

Back 42

coin toss example: always 50% chance

Front 43

ignoring base rates

Back 43

salesperson/librarian example: so many more salespeople than librarians no matter what the person is described as

Front 44

the conjunction fallacy

Back 44

Probability of one uncertain event is greater than the chance of two happening at the same time

Front 45

the gambler's fallacy

Back 45

roulette table example: the chance is 50% every time no matter how many times in a row one color is hit

Front 46

ignoring sample size

Back 46

the more there are in a sample, the better the data.

Front 47

LANGUAGE

skinner and language

Back 47

acquired language through imitation and reinforcement; ex: baby gets rewarded for saying mommy for 1st time

Front 48

chomski

Back 48

nativists; innate language acquisition device; we create original sentences when we speak, so it cant just be immitation; over regulizations - ex: how kids speak more proper before going to school than when they start learning all the rules and exceptions

Front 49

criteria for language

Back 49

symbol - has to have symbols that have meaning; structure - laws of how to arrange words; infinitely generative - no limit that you can create and combine

Front 50

phonemes

Back 50

smallest unit of sound; ex: buh-oy-z has 3

Front 51

morphomes

Back 51

smallest unit of meaning; EX: 2 in boy - a young male and then plural

Front 52

syntax

Back 52

structure of language; ex: the boys cried. 3 words, 5 morphemes, 9 phonemes

Front 53

vocabulary spurt

Back 53

average is 18 months; can take between 12-20 months

Front 54

holophrases

Back 54

expressing a phrase with one sincle word; ex: baby saying up to someone to pick them up

Front 55

telegraphic speech

Back 55

usually just nouns and verbs to signify the whole sentence; ex: doggy eat

Front 56

whole sentences

Back 56

full sentence; ex: the doggy is eating

Front 57

metaliguistic awareness

Back 57

awareness of the use of words; you can reflect on how the language is used; understand a pun

Front 58

three theories of language acquisition

Back 58

behaviorists (skinner) - imitation, reinforcement;

nativists (chomski) - "device", natural;

interactionists - combination of both;

linguistic relativity (whorf) - noticed that in some languages they have words scripted that other languages dont have words for; snow example (100 in Alaska)

framing - people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on whether it is presented as a loss or gain

semantic slanting - crafting words to your advantage

Front 59

do animals exhibit language?

Back 59

communicate: yes; language: no; symbolic: yes; infinitely generative: no; structured: no

Front 60

SLEEP

resetting bio clock

Back 60

retina detects light then sends message to hypothalamus then pineal gland releases melatonin which adjusts bio clock

Front 61

sleep cycles

Back 61

awake - beta (lo v hi f)

drowsy - alpha

stage 1 - theta, few minutes

stage 2 - theta/delta, spindles, mixed waves, (about 20 min)

stage 3 & 4 - delta (hi v lo f) (about 30 min), sleep walking

REM - (lo v hi f), dreaming

Front 62

3 functions of sleep

Back 62

protective; restorative; growth

Front 63

sleep disorders

Back 63

insomnia

narcolepsy - falling asleep

sleep apnea - intermittent stopping of breathing, followed by gasping

Front 64

3 theories of dreaming

Back 64

wish fulfillment (freud)

–Manifest content (what you see on surface)

–Latent content (what it really symbolizes)

info processing (Cartwright) - REM, meaningful

activation synthesis (Hobson & McCarley) - random neuron firing, meaningless