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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations.
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Social Role
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Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions (such as daughter, worker, student).
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Zimbardo Standford Prison Study
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Normal healthy male college students were paid to serve as "inmates" and "guards" in a simulated prison. After 2 days in "jail" the inmates grew defiant and the guards became brutal. Apparently, the assigned social roles prisoner and guard were so powerful that in just a few days the experiment became "reality" for those involved.
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Attribution Theory
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The process of making inferences about the causes of one's own behavior, and that of others.
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External Cause
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A cause of behavior that is assumed to lie outside a person.
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Internal Cause
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A cause of behavior assumed to lie within a person-- for instance, a need, preference, or personality trait.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes (personality, likes, and so forth).
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Actor-observer bias
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When making attributions, the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes (situations and circumstances).
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Attitude
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A learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way. Belief component, emotional component, action component.
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How attitudes direct behavior
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Attitudes subtly affect nearly all aspects of social behavior.
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Persuasion
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A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments.
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Attitude Change
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Although attitudes are fairly stable, they do change. Reference groups (any group a person uses as a standard for social comparison) have an effect on attitude. Face-to-face contact is not necessary.
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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An uncomfortable clash between self-image, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or perceptions and one's behavior.
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Brainwashing
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Engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience.
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Cult
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A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without questions; cult members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.
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Techniques used for conversion
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Begins with intense displays of affection and understanding. Next comes isolation from people who are not cult members and drills, discipline and rituals. These rituals wear down physical and emotional resistance, discourage critical thinking and generate feelings of committment.
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Conformity
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Bringing one's behavior into agreement or harmony with norms or with the behavior of others in a group.
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Asch Study
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Three lines test. 75 percent conformed.
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Increase or Decrease Conformity
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All groups have unspoken norms.
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Obedience
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Conformity to the demands of authority.
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Milgram Studies
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Obedience experiment involving shock. Then the shock experiment involving "Learner" heard, "Learner" seen, "Learner" touched.
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Compliance
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Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power.
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Foot-in-the-door effect
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The tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request. Ex. Can i stay for a couple of days? Then I just need a place to stay til the end of the month.
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Door-in-the-face effect
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The tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request.
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Social Comparison
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Making judgements about ourselves through comparison with others.
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Interpersonal attraction
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Social attraction to another person.
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Factors increase interpersonal attraction
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Physical proximity, physical attractiveness, competence, similarity, self-disclosure
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Self-disclosure
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The process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and one's personal history to others.
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Social exchange theory
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Theory stating that rewards must exceed costs for relationships to endure.
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Aggression
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Any action carried out with the intention of harming another person. Humans are biologically capable of aggression, but aggression is not an inevitable part of human nature.
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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States that frustration tends to lead to aggression.
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Averse Stimuli
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Produce dicomfort or displeasure, can heighten hostility and aggression.
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Social Learning Theory
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Combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain behavior.
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Prejudice
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A negative emotional attitude held against members of a particular group of people.
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Stereotype
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Oversimplified images of the traits of individuals who belong to a particular social group.
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Ageism
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An institutionalized tendency to discriminate on the basis of age.
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Sexism
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Institutionalized prejudice against members of either sex, based soley on their gender.
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Racism
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Racial prejudice that has become institutionalized and that is enforced by the existing social power structure.
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Discrimination
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Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical.
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Scapegoating
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Blaming a person or a group for the actions of oters or for conditions not of their making.
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Authoritarian Personality
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A personality pattern characterized by rigidity, inhibition, prejudice, and an excessive concern with power, authority, and obedience.
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Ethnocentrism
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Placing one'w own group or race at the center-- that is, tending to reject all other groups but one's own.
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Equal-status contact
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Social interaction that occurs on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status.
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Superordinate goal
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A goal that exceeds or overrides all others; a goal that renders other goals relatively less important.
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Mutual interdependence
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A condition in which two or more persons must depend on one another to meet each person's needs or goals.
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Structuralism
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Founded by Wundt. The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements.
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Functionalism
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Founded by James. School of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments.
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Behaviorism
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Founded by Watson. School of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior.
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Gestalt Psychology
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Founded by Wertheimer. A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts.
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Psychoanalysis
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A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconcious conflicts.
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Humanism
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Rogers and Maslow. An approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
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Positive psychology
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The study of human strenghts, virtues and effective functioning.
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Cultural relativity
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The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs.
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Weapons effect
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The observation that weapons serve as strong cues for aggressive behavior.
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Ageism
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An institutionalized tendency to discriminate on the basis of age.
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Sexism
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Institutionalized prejudice against members of either sex, based soley on their gender.
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Racism
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Racial prejudice that has become institutionalized and that is enforced by the existing social power structure.
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Discrimination
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Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical.
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Scapegoating
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Blaming a person or a group for the actions of oters or for conditions not of their making.
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Authoritarian Personality
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A personality pattern characterized by rigidity, inhibition, prejudice, and an excessive concern with power, authority, and obedience.
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Ethnocentrism
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Placing one'w own group or race at the center-- that is, tending to reject all other groups but one's own.
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Equal-status contact
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Social interaction that occurs on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status.
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Superordinate goal
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A goal that exceeds or overrides all others; a goal that renders other goals relatively less important.
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Mutual interdependence
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A condition in which two or more persons must depend on one another to meet each person's needs or goals.
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Ageism
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An institutionalized tendency to discriminate on the basis of age.
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Sexism
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Institutionalized prejudice against members of either sex, based soley on their gender.
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Racism
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Racial prejudice that has become institutionalized and that is enforced by the existing social power structure.
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Discrimination
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Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical.
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Scapegoating
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Blaming a person or a group for the actions of oters or for conditions not of their making.
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Authoritarian Personality
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A personality pattern characterized by rigidity, inhibition, prejudice, and an excessive concern with power, authority, and obedience.
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Ethnocentrism
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Placing one'w own group or race at the center-- that is, tending to reject all other groups but one's own.
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Equal-status contact
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Social interaction that occurs on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status.
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Superordinate goal
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A goal that exceeds or overrides all others; a goal that renders other goals relatively less important.
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Mutual interdependence
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A condition in which two or more persons must depend on one another to meet each person's needs or goals.
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