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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 8 |
Language and Thought |
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Cognitive Psychology |
study of mental processes such as attention, language, memory, problem solving, and decision making. |
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Language |
symbols that convey meaning -used to generate an infinite variety of messages |
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How do we learn language? |
5 ways thought |
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Nurture |
learned through conditioning principles |
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Nature |
(Chansky's nativist view) language acquisition device- innate mechanism that facilitates language learning universal grammar- ability to learn grammar is hard wired |
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Interactionist |
biology and the environment BOTH contribute |
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Evolution |
evolutionary perspective- we are prepared for language because of natural selection |
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Culture |
linguistic relativity hypothesis- language reflects cultural values and helps determine the way we think |
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Properties of Language |
symbolic semantic generative structured |
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Symbolic |
sounds and words represent ideas and objects (denotation-dictionary definition) |
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Semantic |
meaningful, logical (connotation-emotional overtone) (cultural idioms) |
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Structured |
combinations must be in accordance to rules (syntax-rules specifying how words can be arranged into sentences) |
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Generative |
infinite combinations of symbols |
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Phonemes |
smallest unit in language, basic sounds (about 100 possible (English has 40)) |
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Morphemes |
Smallest unit of meaning (words, prefixes, suffixes) |
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Language Development |
different stages |
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Less than 6 months |
cooing, crying |
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3 months |
can distinguish phonemes from all language disappears by 1- isn't present in adults |
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6-18 months |
babbling |
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10-13 months |
first words are spoken |
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18 months |
great variance in words spoken one word at a time (holophrases) -receptive v. productive vocabulary |
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18-24 months |
vocabulary spurt fast mapping: adding words to their vocabulary after only one exposure |
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24 months (2 years) |
beginning of sentence formation telegraphic speech -2-3 word utterances |
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36 months (3 years) |
more complicated sentences expresses verb tenses |
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6 years old |
developing meta linguistic awareness -can discern ambiguous sentences -humor with a double meaning |
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Common errors |
during development |
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Over-extension (1-2 yrs) (temporary, tends to resolve in a few months) |
when you learn a words and use it for related objects (ex. all furry things as doggie) |
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Under-extension (same age range) |
only using a word for the one object they learned it from |
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Over-regularization (takes longer to correct) |
child incorrectly uses a grammar rule in irregular circumstances (ex. he bringed it to me; my foots are cold; where did you went) |
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Problem solving |
actively trying to figure out what must be done in order to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable |
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Problems of inducing structure |
e.g. analogy problem, series completion problems |
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Problems of arrangement |
e.g. anagrams |
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Problem of transformation |
e.g. water jar problem |
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Trial and error |
trying all possible solutions |
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Algorithm |
step by step method that produces correct solution |
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Heuristic |
guiding principle used in solving problems -shortcuts -no guaranteed solution |
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Insight |
suddenly discovering the correct solution to a problem- " Aha" |
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Functional Fixedness |
belief that objects only function in one way |
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Unnecessary Constraints |
assuming constraints that do not exist |
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Irrelevant Information |
leads people astray from the solution |
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Mental Set |
continuing to use problem solving strategies that worked in the past but aren't working now |
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Decision making |
Identifying and choosing alternatives -sometimes happens without conscious thought |
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Theory of bounded rationality |
rationality is limited to the information someone has, their cognitive ability, and their time |
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Availability Heuristic |
basing your estimate of an outcome on the information that readily comes to mind -available in memory |
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Representativeness Heuristic |
estimating probability of an event based on how similar it is to the prototype of that event
-NOT likelihood |
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Framing Effects |
the way which a problem is framed can have significant effects on how we make decisions |
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Conjunction Fallacies |
thinking the odds of 2 events happening together are greater than odds of either event happening alone |
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Gambler's Fallacy |
belief that the odds of a chance event increases if the event hasn't happened recently |
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Motivation |
directing a behavior toward a goal |
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Types of motivators |
Biological (hunger, sleep, etc) Social (achievement, belongingness, etc) -Intrinsic-things we do because we love them -Extrinsic-do to avoid a negative stimuli |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
Humans have unique needs |
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Homeostasis |
physiological equilibrium or stability -drive-internal state of tension that motivates engagement in activities to reduce tension |
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Incentive theory |
extern |
