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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress
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Pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt.
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Fight or flight response
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The body's built-in alarm system that allows it to quickly mobilize its resources to either fight or flee when faced with a threatening stressor.
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Stressor
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Sources of stress: money, work, family, relationships, personal health, housing, job, personal safety, etc.
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Hassles
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Annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burden; irritating, frustrating, distress, demands of daily life.
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Uplifts
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Positive experiences which may neutralize hassles.
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Conflict
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A state of tension brought about by opposing motives operating simultaneously.
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Approach-approach
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A choice between two positive alternatives.
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Avaoidance-avoidance
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A forced choice between two negative alternatives.
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Approach-avoidance
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A choice that has both a good and a bad outcome; drawn by a choice and repelled by a choice.
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Socioeconomic status
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Economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an individual's relative position in society.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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A psychological disorder involving a maladaptive reaction to traumatic stress.
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Discrimination
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Racism, sexism (e.g. sexual harassment), acculturative stress.
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
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1. Alarm Stage: bodily resources, mobilized to confront stressor
2. Resistance: resistance remains steady 3. Exhaustion: bodily resources for handling stress become depleted; negative consequences may develop (illness or depression) |
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Coping
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Efforts through action and thought to deal with demands that are perceived as taxing or overwhelming.
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Problem-focused coping
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Direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating a source of stress.
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Emotion-focused coping
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A response involving reappraising of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact.
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Proactive coping
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Measures taken in advance to prevent or minimize consequences of stress.
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The biopsychosocial model of health and stress
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Holds that both health and illnesses are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.
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Coronary Heart Disease
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Caused by narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis).
Attributable to: lifestyle, family history, stress, and job strain. |
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Cancer
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Second leading cause of death in the United States.
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Lymphocytes
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White blood cells that protect the body against disease-causing organism. (B cells and T cells)
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Hardiness
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A combination of three psychological qualities that may buffer the effects of stress. (Commitment, control, and challenge)
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Personality
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A person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling that distinguishes one person from another.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders. Its central idea is that unconscious forces shape human thought and behavior.
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Conscious
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The part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness.
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Preconscious
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The part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention.
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Unconscious
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The part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories, and ideas.
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Freud's conception of personality
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Ego (conscious) reality principle, superego (preconscious) moral imperatives, id (unconscious) pleasure principle.
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Ego
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Holds urges in check with reality.
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Id
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Gratify urges immediately.
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Superego
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Holds urges in check with morality.
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Defense mechanisms
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A means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem.
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Repression
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The removal of painful or threatening memories, thoughts, perceptions from consciousness and keeps them from consciousness.
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Psychosexual stages of development
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
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Humanistic psychology
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People are assumed to have a natural tendency toward growth and realization of their fullest potential.
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Abraham Maslow
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Believed motivational factors are at the root of personality. Hierarchy of Needs -> self actualization: developing one's fullest potential.
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Carl Rogers
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Believed in conditions of worth: positive regard hinges on parental conditions, live and act according to someone else's values, gain positive regard by denying our true selves, inhibiting behavior, denying or distorting perceptions, and closing off parts of our experiences.
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Trait
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Relatively enduring personal characteristics.
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Cardinal trait
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The most pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality.
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Central trait
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Personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations.
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Surface traits
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Catterll's term for observable qualities of personality. Using observations and questionnaires, certain cluster surface traits appeared together time after time.
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Source traits
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Cattell's term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits.
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Locus of control
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Explains how people account for what happens in their life.
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Internal locus of control
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See themselves in control of their behavior and its consequences.
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External locus of control
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See fate, luck, or chance in control of behavior and consequences.
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Psychological disorders
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Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause: emotional distress, substantial impairment in functioning.
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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Marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness, loss of the ability to experience pleasure, changes in appetite, weight, or sleep patterns, etc.
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Bipolar Disorder
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Manic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes.
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Anxiety disorders
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Psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future.
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Phobias
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Irrational or excessive fears of particular objects or situations.
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Panic disorder
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A type of anxiety disorder involving repeated episodes of sheer terror.
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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A type of anxiety disorder involving persistent and generalized anxiety and worry.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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A type of anxiety disorder involving the repeated occurrence of obsessions and/or compulsions.
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Schizophrenia
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A severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality (psychosis), hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behavior.
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Dissociative disorders
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Disorders in which, under unbearable stress, consciousness becomes dissociated from a person's identity, her/his memories of important personal events, or both.
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Dissociative Disorder (DID)
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Two or more distinct, unique personalities occur in the same person.
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Autistic Disorder (Autism)
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Limited or nonexistent language skills for age, inability to engage in reciprocal social relationships, etc.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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A disorder in which an individual shows both significant problems in focusing attention and physical hyperactivity, etc.
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Types of personality disorders
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A class of psychological disorders characterized by rigid personality traits that impair people's ability to adjust to the demands they face in the environment and that interfere with their relationships with others.
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Cluster A: odd behavior
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Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal.
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Cluster B: erratic, overly dramatic behavior
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Borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial.
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Cluster C: anxious, fearful behavior
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Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), avoidant, and dependent.
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Paranoid personality disorder
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Evidence of: pervasive suspicousness of being deceived, harmed, or exploited, unjustified doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates, etc.
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Schizoid personality disorder
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Evidence of: neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, almost always chooses solitary activities, etc.
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Schizotypal personality disorder
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Evidence of: ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, odd thinking and speech, suspiciousness or paranoid ideation, etc.
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Borderline personality disorder
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Evidence of: frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, identity disturbance characterized by persistently unstable self-image or sense of self, impulsivity in at least two potentially self-damaging areas, recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-mutilating behavior, etc. Ex: emo
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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Evidence of: grandiose sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, and beauty, etc. Ex: Bruce Almighty
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Histrionic personality disorder
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Evidence of: discomfort in situations in which s/he is not the center of attention, inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior, etc. Ex: Kim Kardashian, Paris Hilton
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Antisocial personality disorder
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Evidence of: failure to conform to social norms and repeated lawbreaking, deceitfulness, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self or others, etc. Ex: Voldemort, The Joker, Dr. Evil
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Cognitive therapies
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Changes the way one thinks which leads to changes in one's feelings and behaviors; ABC Model (Activating event, beliefs, consequences).
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Rational emotive behavior therapy
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The ABC's of REBT: (A) Activating event -> (iB) Irrational belief or (rB) Rational belief -> (C) Unhealthy consequence or Healthy consequence -> (D) Dispute or (E) Effective change.
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Beck's cognitive therapy
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<-Negative views about the world -> <-Negative views about the future -> <-Negative views about oneself ->
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Biomedical therapies
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Ex: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), psychosurgery.
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Ethical principles
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Principle A: beneficence and nonmaleficence, Principle B: fidelity and responsibility, Principle C: integrity, Principle D: justice, Principle E: respect for people's rights and dignity.
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Psychotherapy
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A verbal form of therapy derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more treatment sessions with a therapist.
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Insight therapies
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Approaches to psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding (one's own thoughts, emotions, etc).
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Psychodynamic therapies (psychoanalysis)
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Attempt to uncover childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties.
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Free association
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A technique in psychoanalysis in which the client is encouraged to say anything that comes to mind.
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Dream analysis
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A technique in psychoanalysis in which the therapist attempts to analyze the underlying or symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.
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Transference
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In therapy, the tendency of clients to reenact earlier conflicted relationships in the relationship they develop with their therapists.
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Humanistic therapies
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Assume people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
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Person-centered therapy
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Therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy (unconditional positive regard), frees clients to be themselves, releasing their natural tendency toward self-actualization, etc.
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Gestalt therapy
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Emphasizes importance of clients' fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and actions. Client must then take responsibility for them.
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Directive therapy
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Any type of therapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the patient.
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Relationship therapy
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Attempt to improve patients' interpersonal relationships or create new relationships to support patients' efforts to address psychological problems. Couple therapy, family therapy, group therapy (self-help group).
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Behavior therapies
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Based on the idea that an abnormal idea is learned (not a sign of an underlying disorder).
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Behavior modification
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Uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses.
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Systematic desensitization
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Used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation then they confront a hierarchy of anxiety producing situations.
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Flooding
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Used to treat phobias by exposing clients to feared object or event for an extended period of time until anxiety decreases.
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Aversion therapy
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Negative behavior is paired with a painful, sickening, or otherwise aversive stimulus until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort.
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Participant modeling
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Appropriate response to a feared stimulus is modeled in graduated steps. Client attempts to imitate the model step by step while the therapist gives encouragement and support.
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Social psychology
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Attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals.
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Social perception
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The process we use to obtain critically important social information about others.
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Primacy effect
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The tendency of an overall impression to be influenced more by the first information that is received than by information that comes later.
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Attributions
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The assignment of a cause to explain one's own or another's behavior.
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Situational (external) attribution
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Attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor.
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Dispositional (internal) attribution
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Attributing a behavior to some internal cause (personal trait, motive, or attitude).
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Actor-observer effect
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Tendency to attribute one's own shortcomings to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors.
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Fundamental attribution error
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Tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional factors without regard to situational influences.
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Self-serving bias
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Tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and to explain away our failures or disappointments.
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Proximity
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Physical or geographic closeness.
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Mere-exposure effect
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Tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. Ex: advertisement
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Similarity
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We tend to pick friends from the same age, gender, race, and socioeconomic class, etc.
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Reciprocity
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We tend to like others who like us back.
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Physical attractiveness
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People of all ages have a strong tendency to prefer physically attractive people.
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Halo effect
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Tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits after observing one major positive or negative trait.
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Matching hypothesis
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The belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other characteristics.
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The three components of attitudes
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A positive or negative evaluation of persons, objects, or issues. Cognitive component, behavioral component, and emotional component.
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and behavior.
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Persuasion
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A deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another person. Source variables (credibility, likeability, similarity), Message variables (one-sided vs. two-sided arguments, repetition), and Recipient variables (intelligence, self-confidence, mood).
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Conformity
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Behavior change designed to match the actions of others.
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Social norms
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The attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group.
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Groupthink
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The tendency of members of a decision-making group to be more focused on reaching a consensus than on critically examining the issues at hand.
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Compliance
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Acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of other people.
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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Strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first with the intent of getting a person to agree to a larger request later.
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Door-in-the-face technique
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Someone makes a large unreasonable request, expects the person will refuse, then the person will be more likely to agree to a smaller request later.
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Low-ball technique
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Someone makes a very attractive initial offer to get a person to commit to an action then makes the terms less favorable after commitment.
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Obedience
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Most people in society must obey rules and respect authority if society is to survive.
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Social Facilitation
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Performing in the presence of others.
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Social loafing
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Tendency to exert less effort when working with others than when working alone, occurs in situations where a person's contribution to the group cannot be identified, etc.
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Low achievement motivation
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Individuals contributed little when paired with a hard worker.
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Social Roles
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Socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group.
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Social identity
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Individuals join with others to construct a group identity in order to insulate themselves from stressors.
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Deindividuation
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A process in which individuals lose their sense of personal identity as a result of identification with a group.
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Prosocial behavior
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Behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation, or sympathy.
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Altruism
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The pure, unselfish behavior to help others without expecting anything return.
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Empathy
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Ability to take the perspective of another person.
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Commitment
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More likely to behave altruistically when commitment is high.
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Social responsibility norm
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The society rule that people should help those who need them to help.
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Bystander effect
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As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help from them decreases.
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members.
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Aggression
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The intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on others.
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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Frustration/pain/heat/any other unpleasant experience -> anger -> emotional aggression
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Social learning theory of aggression
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People learn to behave aggressively by observing aggressive models and by having their aggressive responses reinforced.
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Sexual aggression
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Any kind of sexual contact in which one or more participants are either unable to give consent or are forced into participation. Includes: sexual assault, rape, date/acquaintance rape, sexual abuse.
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Prejudice
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A generalized attitude toward members of a social group.
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Stereotypes
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Generalized beliefs about members of a social group which includes the assumption that the members of such groups are usually all alike.
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Discrimination
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Behavior (usually negative) directed toward others based on their group membership.
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Realistic conflict theory
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The proposal that intergroup conflict and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources.
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In-groups
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Social group with a strong sense of togetherness and from which others are excluded.
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Out-groups
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Social group made up of individuals specifically identified by the in-group as not belonging.
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Social cognitive theory
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The mental processes that people use to notice, interpret, and remember information about the social world.
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Ethnocentricism
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Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
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