Psychologists

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Wilhelm Wundt

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"Father of psychology," set up the first psychological laboratory to study conscious experience.

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Edward Titchener

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Called Wundt's ideas structuralism and tried to analyze the structure of mental life into basic "elements" or "building blocks."

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William James

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Functionalist and American scholar, broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, abnormal behavior, and other interesting topics.

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Charles Darwin

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Deduced that creatures evolve in ways that favor survival. According to Darwin's principle of natural selection , physical features that help animals adapt to their environments are retained in evolution.

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John B. Watson

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Behaviorist who believed that introspection is unscientific because there is no way to settle disagreements between observers.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Behaviorist who established concept of conditioning to explain most behavior or that a response is a learned reaction to a particular stimulus.

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B.F. Skinner

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Behaviorist who believed that our actions are controlled by rewards and punishments.

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Max Wertheimer

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First psychologist to advance the Gestalt viewpoint

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Sigmund Freud

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Believed our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires—especially those concerning sex and aggression.

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Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

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Humanistic approach, stressing free will and our ability to make volutary choices.

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Abraham Maslow

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Established the humanistic concept of self-actualization.

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John Dewey

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Wrote the first psychology textbook

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Mary Calkins

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Conducted valuable research on memory and first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

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Christine Ladd-Franklin

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Studied color vision

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Margaret Washburn

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Published textbook on animal behavior and first woman to be awarded Ph.d. in psychology

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Albert Bandura

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Behaviorist who believed that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns self-efficacy.

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Albert Ellis

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Behaviorist who believed our thouts influence our behavior

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Sandra Bem

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Created "Bem Sex Role Inventory" - Androgyny and rigid gender stereotypes can restrict behavior

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Alfred Kinsey

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Believed most people are bisexual in cognition but not in action

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Philip Zimbardo

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Conducted the Standford Prison Study

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Stephen LeBarge

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At Stanford University Sleep Research Center used a unique approach to show that lucid dreams are real and that they occur during REM sleep.

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John Allan Hobson

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Harvard Psychologist proposed the activation-synthesis hypothesis

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Robert McCarley

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Harvard Psychologist proposed the activation-synthesis hypothesis