Psychology Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask And Answer Questions

Front 1

Intuition

Back 1

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Front 2

Hindsight bias

Back 2

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the 'I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon'.)

Front 3

Theory

Back 3

An explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Front 4

Hypothesis

Back 4

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Front 5

Operational definition

Back 5

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, 'human intelligence' may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Front 6

Replication

Back 6

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to be reproduced.

Front 7

Case study

Back 7

A decriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Front 8

Naturalistic observation

Back 8

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Front 9

Survey

Back 9

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning or representative, 'random sample' of the group.

Front 10

Random sample

Back 10

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Front 11

Correlation

Back 11

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Front 12

Correlation coefficient

Back 12

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00).

Front 13

Random assignment

Back 13

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

Front 14

Double-blind procedure

Back 14

An experiment where both the researchers and participants are unaware of who has received a placebo or not. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

Front 15

Placebo effect

Back 15

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Front 16

Independent variable

Back 16

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Front 17

Confounding variable

Back 17

A factor other than the factor being studied that might produce an effect.

Front 18

Dependednt variable

Back 18

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

Front 19

Informed consent

Back 19

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Front 20

Debriefing

Back 20

The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

Front 21

Testing effect

Back 21

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a 'retrieval practice effect' or 'test-enhanced learning'.

Front 22

SQ3R

Back 22

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Questioning, read, Retrieving, Review.

Front 23

Confirmation bias

Back 23

We tend to seek out, notice, and remember information that confirms our ideas (and our biases) more than evidence that disproves them. -(things that tend to fit your stereotypes you tend to notice more)-

Front 24

4 cognitive biases

Back 24

1. Hindsight bias

2. Over confidence error

3. Confirmation bias

4. The coincidence error

Front 25

Over confidence bias

Back 25

Error in performance judgment and accuracy.

Front 26

Scientific attitudes 3 parts (critical thinking)

Back 26

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

Front 27

Correlation does not imply...

Back 27

Causation!

Front 28

Population

Back 28

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

Front 29

Experiment

Back 29

A research method in more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the deprendent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

Front 30

Experimental group

Back 30

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 31

Control group

Back 31

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.