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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypothesis
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Precise and testable statement that states explicitly what the researcher thinks will happen in the experiment/study
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Null Hypothesis
(H1) |
States that there will be no affect
Eg: Gender does not affect how boys and girls play |
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Alternative Hypothesis
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States that any relationships between variables will be significcant. If results support this, the null hypothesis is rejected and the theory is supported
Eg: Boys play more violently than girls |
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Operationalisation
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The process of converting an idea into a precisely measured variable
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One -tailed Hypothesis
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Specifically predicts the direction of the effect that one variable has on another
Eg: Children who are female play less violently than those who are male |
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Two tailed hypothesis
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Less specific predictions about relations between variables. (eg, 'affect' or 'influence'
Eg. Gender affects the violence of play |
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Constant error
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Some variables have a constant affect on all p's (eg, how stuffy a room is)
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Random Error
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Variables that have a different effect on each individual (eg how a p feels)
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Extraneous Variables
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Variables/factors that may affect the experiment/p's or particular p
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Independent Variable (IV:)
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The variable that is manipulated
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Dependent Variable (DV:)
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Variable that is measured (dependent on the IV)
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Control Condition
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Normal occurrence. Baseline to compare future results to
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Pilot Study
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Small scale preliminary to:
1) Test the procedure for any faults 2) Find information about p's 3) Train researchers/experimenters |
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Lab Experiment
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Experiment that takes place in a highly controlled environment
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Advantages of a lab experiment
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- Highly controlled, reduces extraneous variables, increasing validity
- Easily replicable - high external validity - Ethical issues minimised, p's know that they're being studied - Allows detailed, objective measurement and recording - Can show cause and effect |
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Disadvantages of a lab experiment
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- Higher risk of demand characteristics - p's know they're studied
- Artificial environment, affects external validity - Low mundane realism, low ecological validity - Operationalisation of DV and IV may have poor validity - Greater risk of experimenter affects |
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Field experiment
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Takes place in a natural environment, where behavior would typically occur
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Advantages of a field experiment
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- Real life settings, p's behave more normally
- Higher mundane realism, higher ecological validity - IV and DV can be operationalised more successfully - higher validity - Unlikely experimenter effects - Can show cause and effect |
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Disadvantages of a field experiment
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- Lower level of control, extraneous variables are much harder to control
- Extraneous variables/practical difficulty means it's hard to accurately measure DV - Lower internal reliability - Accurate replications are hard - Ethical issues - p's may be unaware of involvement -More expensive and time consuming |
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Natural Experiment
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Different conditions of the IV already exist, researcher does not manipulate anything
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Advantages of natural experiments
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- Often only way to research something
-Allow researchers to investigate real problems that society faces |
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Disadvantages of natural experiments
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-Can't show cause and effect, IV's not manipulated
- Sometimes, p's have more in common than just the IV - Few aims that this is appropriate for - p's may be aware of study, demand characteristics - P's may be over-studied |
