Psychological Disorders And Therapies

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a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially

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neurotic disorder

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a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perception.

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psychotic disorder

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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anxiety disorders

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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mood disorders

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a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings or worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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manic episode

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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bipolar disorder

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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schizophrenia

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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delusions

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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personality disorders

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

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antisocial personality disorder

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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psychotherapy

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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eclectic approach

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique

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psychoanalysis

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believing the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

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psychoanalysis

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the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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resistance

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the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

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interpretation

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the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

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transference

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers

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client-centered therapy

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therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

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client-centered therapy

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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active listening

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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behavior therapy

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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based on classical conditioning and included systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

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counterconditioning

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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exposure therapies

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

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systematic desensitization

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commonly used to treat phobias

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systematic desensitization

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a type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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aversive conditioning

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an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior

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token economy

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a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

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token economy

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therapy than teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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cognitive therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

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family therapy

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attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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family therapy

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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meta-analysis

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the study of effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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psychopharmacology

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a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders

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lithium

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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psychosurgery

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

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lobotomy

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this procedure cuts the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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lobotomy