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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innate Motivation |
Biological based (sex,hunger etc.) |
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Acquired motivation |
Learned (achievement,money) |
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Drive-reduction theory |
Motivation is an irritation until we find a reduction (C. Hull) -Implies we always try to reduce stimulation and overlooks importance of external stimuli -Deviation from homeostasis creates need, drive, reinforcer reduces need(primary motivational system) -ALL REINFORCEMENT NEG. Response ends need |
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Homeostasis + Anticipation theory |
Motivations maintain body state to optimum intermediate level -overlooks importance of external stimuli |
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Incentive theory/ Instinct |
Incentives are external stimuli that attract us even without a biological need -Motivations responsible to attractive stimuli -Incomplete unless combined w. another theory -You eat b.c hungry and food looks good
-When energy reach critical level they'll be released, if appropriate not available, they release to another stimuli (Freud and Lorenz)
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Hunger |
Homeostatic drive that makes energy available to the body -caused by decrease in glucose entering cells (Most abundant sugar in the blood) -Insulin & Glucagon secreted by pancreas to regulate hunger and nutrition |
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Insulin |
increases absorption og glucose into cells |
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Glucagon |
Converts stored nutrients into blood glucose -released between meals( espeically when you get up) when energy is needed
Ghrelin-secreted by stomach lining when empty |
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Short run regulation of hunger |
food intake doesn't always match person's nutritional needs -weight fluctuates -weights close to a set point a level the brain works to maintain |
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log term regulation of hunger (Leptin) |
Leptin is secreted by fat cells themselves -Leptin works in hypothalamus to alert brain for more fat cells needed, L. part of the system of triggering puberty -Obesity linked to a lack of leptin, some people have it and are insensitive to its effects 0Weight stable in long term |
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Hypothalamus |
Location of several areas critical to regulating food intake -(Arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hyp., Paraventricular hyp.) |
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Arcuate Nucleus |
-Some neurons receive hunger and satiety signals -Empty stomach..gherin, high insulin and leptin |
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Lateral hypothalamus (ON SWITCH) |
-critical for STARTING eating. Damage to this area will cause starvation through lack of interest in food -stimulation: start of eating -ablation: Failure to start eating |
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Ventromedial Hyp. (off switch) |
Importanat for regulating the rate at which food is digested. When it is damaged people digest food quickly. Eat more, put on weight -stimulation: slowing/cessation of eating -Ablation: Failure to stop eating |
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Paraventriculat Hyp. |
Regulates satiety in the short term, if damaged a person can eat until they're about to burst -Stimulation: cessation of eating -ablation: failure to stop eating |
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Drug Addiction |
1.Increased need, 2.withdrawal, 3.use it to relieve withdrawal 4. Devote inordinate time/ resources to it 5. interfere with normal obligations -ALso include- Gambling, sports, sky diving, sex) |
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Drug Abuse |
1. Increased need 2. withdrawal 3. use it to relieve withdrawal |
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Opponent-Process theory- |
-Soloman -Habituation and sensitization in complex systems, emotional dynamics of repeated exposure to an affective stimulus |
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Temporal changes in affect (Before/novice) Heroin, Parachute Jump, Love |
-Rush-malaise -Terror-relief -ecstacy-loneliness |
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Temporal changes in affect(after/expert) Heroin, parachute jump, love |
-mild euphoria-withdrawal -Mild anxiety-rush -normality-greif |
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Opponent process theory(mechanics) |
-Affective reaction determined by A and B processes -A. elected by stimulus, magnitude determined by duration, quantity,intensity -A elicts B -B starts slower than A, slower to decay than A -A&B are opposite signs -Repeated exposure will inc. strength of B -after many times no pleasure but worse withdrawal |
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Stimulants (cocaine) |
-self administered to VTA, MFB, NA -Dopamine AGONIST- prevents re-uptake of DA -self admin. blocked by antagonist, blocked by preventing DA neurons from working -DA(dopamine)-controls how you experience pleasure |
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Opiates (heroin) |
-indirect DA agonist -Self- admin to VTA, MFB, NA -self admin. blocked by antagonist, blocked by preventing DA neurons from working -Euphoric affects induce GABA(Inhibitory interneurons of VTA), heroin reduces GABA amt -inc. samt of DA produced and pleasure |
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Stress(ch12) Eustress/destress |
Any deviation from homeostasis -An event that threatens(perceived or actual) to threaten an organisms safety or well being attempts to cope -Eustress: Anxiety, test preformance -Distress-bad, can interfere w. preformance
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Types of stressors |
1.Adverse physical events 2.Frustration 3.Conflict (Ap-Ap, Ap-Av,Av-Av) 4.Change |
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Approach-Approach |
-Least stress -2 equally attractive goals (pizza, spaghetti) |
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Approach-avoidance |
-More stress -One event has positive and negative affects -(Donut or fat) |
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Avoidance-Avoidance |
-two negative events (caught between a rock and a hard place, Scylla and Charybdis) |
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Stress survey |
26- mild 0-150 45- moderate 150-300 59 severs 300+ |
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Stress psysiology |
Selye: General adaption syndrome Alarm,resistance, exhaustion |
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Event appraisal |
Lazarus simple) Disturbing=stress, not disturbing=not Complex) incorporates chronicity, controllability and predictability |
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Diagram 1 |
Stressor--hypothalamus--pituitary ACTH release--Corticosteroid release(Inc. energy, dec. inflammation) |
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Diagram 2 |
Hypothalamus--(autonomic Ns)--Sympathetic NS--Adrenal medula--Adrenaline release(inc. perspire, respiration,physical ability) |
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Diagram 3 |
Hypothalamus--endorphine release(opiates dec. pain sensitivity)--inhibition of pain--analgesia |
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Personality questionairre |
0-0 1-5: 52 6-10: 58 10: 4 Tested Lack of patience |
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Type A personality |
1. Impatience and time urgency 2.Highly competitive 3. Anger and hostility |
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Type B personality |
1.patience 2.less competetive 3.less anger/hostility |
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Type C personality |
1.Nice, patient, sonic 2. Cooperative 3.Compliant w. authority 4.unexpressive of neg. emotions |
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prolonged stressors |
Dardiovascular disease stress induced health problems miderate correlation b.w personality type and varried disease |
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Types of attributions |
1. Internal v. External 2.Stable v. Unstable (consistent across time v. fluctuation over time) 3. Global v. specific(applies across carried situations v. only valid in this situation) |
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Positive attributions for a negative event |
fail an exam Never study/stupid) Int-Stable-Global PESSIMISTIC
Dr. Ross. had a bad day) Ext-Unt-Specific OPTIMISTIC |
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Positive attributes for a positive event |
Pass and exam GEnius: Int-stable-global OPTIMISTIC
Dr. Ross had a good day Ext-Uns-spec PESSIMISTIC |
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CH 13 Social Psychology |
The study of how actual, imagined, implied presence of others influence an individuals behaviors, thoughts, or feelings The study of genetic basis of social behavior |
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Social psychologists study |
1. Attribution (Causes of behaviors) 2.Attitudes (beliefs, formation, impressionability, prejudice) 3. Social Influence/group behavior |
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Sherifs first conformity (1936) |
Auto kinetic effect- if you look at a light for long enough it starts to move -individuals report size -group 3 joint decision -individuals report a perceived effect more consistent with the group |
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Asch 1951 Conformity study |
assessment of length of line 1. thinks right and goes along 2. Doesn't want judgement Conformity effect is a function of group size 35& give incorrect response |
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Class trial |
Class responds 1 girl went along and said it was 1 Actually 2 *in a group of 3 or more you're more likely to get conformity |
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Milgram (1963) Authority and Obedience |
100% of people delivered up to Intense shock (slight,moderate,strong,very strong,intense) 90% extremely intense, 70-danger severe shock, 65 450 volts, 30- teacher forced learners hand to plate 14/40 smiled -career suffered what was told about us not good |
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Factors contributing to obedience |
1. status of authority, authority will be responsible for action, no clear point to stop, gradual nature of request -Deindividualization loss of identity to group,
IT WOULD HAPPEN TODAY -Abc news) 2/3 willing to shock heart condition stated -MCD Kentuckey 2 1/2 hours finance |
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Authority |
Stanford prision experiment- to explore psych. effects of imprisionment -participants randomly assigned prisioner or guard -guards maintain order any way necessary prisioners- believed they were imprissioned 3 guard types) rule follow, good, hostile |
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Dr. Friedenbergs expeiments |
-25% of UA students don't drink alcohol at all -400 students need to be studied to generalize the 13000 student body -Social norm health awareness posters are to empower students to make their own well-informed decisions about their health -survey used is anonymous,taken in classes, by counseling cent. and middle earth |
