Psych Test 4

Front 1

reciprocity norm

Back 1

the widespread sense of obligation that people have to return favors

Front 2

social dilemmas

Back 2

a situation in which a particular action will (a) benefit the individual who takes it, (b) harm the individuals and (c) cause more harm than benefit to everyone if everyone takes it

Front 3

prisoners dilemma games

Back 3

a class of laboratory games in which the tendency to compete can be pitted against the tendency to cooperate. in such games, the highest combined payoff to the two players occurs if both choose the cooperative response, but the highest individual payoff goes to a player who choose the competitive response on a play in which the other chooses the cooperative response

Front 4

superordinate goals

Back 4

the goals shared by two or more groups, which tend to foster cooperation among the groups

Front 5

social pain

Back 5

the discomfort that people feel when they are socially rejected or when they lose a valued companion

Front 6

self-conscious emotions

Back 6

the feelings of guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride, which are linked to thoughts about the self or ones own actions

Front 7

personality

Back 7

the relatively consistent patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that characterize each person as a unique individual

Front 8

trait

Back 8

a hypothetical, relatively stable, inner characteristic that influences the way a person responds to various environmental situations

Front 9

trait theories of personality

Back 9

theories of personality that are based on the idea that people can be described and differentiated in terms of hypothetical underlying personality dimensions, called traits, which can be measured by questionnaires or other quantitative means

Front 10

factor analysis

Back 10

a statistical procedure for analyzing the correlations among various measurements (such as test scores) taken from a given set of individuals; it identifies hypothetical, underlying variables called "factors" that could account for the observed pattern of correlations and assesses the degree to which each factor is adequately measured by each of the measurements that was used in the analysis

Front 11

five-factor model of personality

Back 11

model holding that a persons personality is most efficiently described in terms of his or her score on each of five relatively independent global trait dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Front 12

sibling contrast

Back 12

tendency to emphasize and exaggerate the difference between siblings

Front 13

psychoanalysis

Back 13

the theory of the mind developed by Freud, which emphasizes the roles of unconscious mental processes, early childhood experiences, and the drives of sex and aggression in personality formation

Front 14

psychodynamic theories of personality

Back 14

any theory that describes personality and its development in terms of inner mental forces that are often in conflict with one another and are shaped by experiences in early childhood

Front 15

defense mechanisms

Back 15

in psychoanalytic theory, self-deceptive means by which the mind defends itself against anxiety

Front 16

repression

Back 16

the defense mechanism by which the mind prevents anxiety-prvoking ideas from becoming conscious

Front 17

displacement

Back 17

the defense mechanism by which a drive is diverted from one goal to another that is more realistic or acceptable

Front 18

reaction formation

Back 18

the defense mechanism by which the mind turns a frightening wish into its safer opposite

Front 19

projection

Back 19

the defense mechanism by which a person consciously experiences his or her own unconscious emotion or wish as though it belongs to someone else or to some part of the environment

Front 20

rationalization

Back 20

the defense mechanism by which a person uses conscious reasoning to justify or explain away his or her harmful or irrational behaviors or thoughts

Front 21

phenomenological reality

Back 21

humanistic theorists' term for each person's conscious understanding of his or her world

Front 22

self-actualization

Back 22

in humanistic psychology the fulfillment of drives that go beyond ones survival needs and pertain to psychological growth, creativity, and self-expression

Front 23

personal myth

Back 23

the ever-changing self-told story of an individual that gives a sense of direction and meaning to one's life

Front 24

social cognitive theories of personality

Back 24

theories of personality that emphasize the roles of beliefs and habits of thought that are acquired through ones unique experiences in the social environment

Front 25

social psychology

Back 25

the branch of psychology that attempts to understand how the behavior and subjective experiences of individuals are influenced by the actual or imagined presence of other people

Front 26

person bias

Back 26

the tendency to attribute a persons behavior too much to the persons inner characteristics (personality) and not enough to the environmental situation. sometimes called the fundamental attribution error

Front 27

self-esteem

Back 27

a persons feeling of approval and acceptance of himself or herself

Front 28

social comparison

Back 28

any process in which an individual evaluates his or her own abilities, characteristics, ideas, or achievements by comparing them with those of other people

Front 29

reference group

Back 29

a group of people with whom an individual compares himself or herself for the purpose of self-evaluation

Front 30

personal identity

Back 30

the portion of the self-concept that pertains to the self as a distinct separate individual

Front 31

social identity

Back 31

the portion of the self-concept that pertains to the social categories or groups of which the person is a part

Front 32

stereotype

Back 32

mental concepts by which people characterize specific groups or categories of people

Front 33

explicit stereotypes

Back 33

stereotypes that people hold consciously

Front 34

implicit stereotypes

Back 34

stereotypes that automatically, unconsciously influence peoples judgements and actions toward others

Front 35

implicit association tests

Back 35

tests of a persons automatic, unconscious mental associations, designed to assess implicit stereotypes or other implicit attitudes

Front 36

explicit attitudes

Back 36

conscious attitudes; that is, attitudes that people are aware of holding and can state verbally

Front 37

implicit attitudes

Back 37

attitudes that are manifested in a persons behavior or automatic mental associations, even though the person may not be conscious of holding those attitudes

Front 38

elaboration likelihood model

Back 38

a theory of persuasion postulating that people are more likely to think logically about a message (that is, elaborate upon the message) if it is personally relevant than if it is not

Front 39

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 39

festingers theory that people seek to relieve the discomfort associated with the awareness of inconsistency between two or more of ones own cognition's (beliefs or bits of knowledge)

Front 40

insufficient-justification effect

Back 40

a change in attitude that serves to justify an action that seems unjustified in the light of the previously held attitude

Front 41

social facilitation (social interference)

Back 41

the tendency to perform a task worse in front of others than when alone