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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The force that moves people to behave, think and feel as they do. |
Motivation |
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Intrinsic Motivation |
- Bodily needs or fun - Key to achievment |
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Extrinsic Motivation |
Insintives (rewards & punishments) |
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Approach based on Instincts |
The Evolutionary Approach |
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As need increases drive diminishes in effort to reach homeostasis |
Drive Reduction Theory |
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Define Drive and Need |
Drive aroused state due to need loss Need material req. for survival |
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Theory that performance is best under moderate arrousal rather than low or high. |
Optimum Arousal Theory |
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Homeostasis |
Balance in the body |
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3 Theories of Motivation |
The Evolutionary Approach Drive Reduction Theory Optimum Arousal Theory |
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Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs |
Self Actualization Esteem Emotional Safety Physiological |
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3 inate needs of self-determination theory necessary for growth. |
Competency Autonomy Relatedness |
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Why is overeating considered a motivational puzzle? |
It involves eating when one is not in need of nutrition |
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Self-regulation |
The process by which an organism effort fully controls behavior to pursue important objectives |
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Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve ________, __________, and _________. |
Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscience experience, and behavioral experience. |
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Primacy Debate |
Which is first feeling or thinking |
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
Whatever action your face is doing effects your actual feelings |
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Four Theories of Emotion |
Common Sense James-Lange Canon-Bard Cognitive Arousal |
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Common Sense Theory of Emotion |
Stimulus leads to emotion then arousal |
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
Physiological reaction leads to labeling of emotion |
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Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
Physiological reaction and emotion are assumed to happen at the same time |
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Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion |
Physical arousal and labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before emotion is experienced. |
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Overlearning |
Learning til it becomes second nature or habbit |
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Valence |
Positive vs. Negative affect |
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Besides behavior and mental processes, what third aspect does "social psychology" include? |
Social group |
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What is the bystander effect? What are some hypotheses as to why it occurs? |
The presence of others affects people's decisions to help or not
It occurs possibly because of uncertainty and/or expecting someone else to do something |
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What is conformity? |
Matching behavior of others (normative, informative) |
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What’s the difference between “normative” and “informational” social influences? |
Normative: Pressure to be liked Informative: Others provide info on how to act |
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What is compliance? |
Changing ones behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change |
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Methods of gaining compliance |
Foot in the Door Technique Door in the Face Technique Lowball Technique |
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Foot on the Door Technique |
Make small, easy requests followed by a slightly bigger one |
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Door in the Face Technique |
Start with huge and unreasonable request, then compromise |
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Lowball Technique |
Make small request then increase cost of request AFTER the other person commits |
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What is obedience? |
Behavior hat complies with the specific demands of who is in power |
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Why is Milgram's Obedience to authority study so influential? |
Because participants were obedient in hurting others and even killing |
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What happened in Zimbardo's Prison Study |
Prisoners resisted Guards saw prisoners as a threat, took on role
People ended up quickly quitting and the entire experiment was shut down after 5 days |
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How do psychologists define attitude? |
Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas. |
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What are some ways an attitude can form? |
Direct contact with person, idea or situation. Direct instruction from parents or others. Interacting with others of a certain attitude. Vicarious conditioning: watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations. |
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What is Cognitive Dissonance? |
A state of discomfort felt when our behavior conflicts with our attitude. |
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How do we reduce Cognitive Dissonance? |
It can be reduced by changing either your behavior or attitude. |
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What's the difference between Central Route Processing and Peripheral Route Processing? |
Central uses facts and content to persuade Peripheral personality, how its delivered
Ex: weight loss ad uses lab findings to persuade you to buy pill is Central while using a celebrity endorser would be Peripheral. |
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What are stereotypes and how are they related to schemas? |
Stereotype is a set of characteristics one believes to be shared by all members of a particular social group. Schemas are pre-existing mental concepts |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
We overestimate internal traits and underestimate external situations when we try to explain people's behavior. |
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What’s the difference between a situational cause and a dispositional cause? |
Situational Cause of behavior is external Dispositional Cause of behavior is internal |
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What is social identity theory? |
Ones view of themselves as a member of a particular social category. |
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What are the two theories attempting to explain why prejudice occurs? |
Social Cognitive Theory An acquired attitude through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences Realistic Conflict Theory Conflict between social groups increases prejudice |
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What's the difference between prejudice and discrimination? |
Prejudice negative attitude toward someone based on their membership to a social group Discrimination negative action to someone |
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Groupthink |
Group cohesiveness is more important than rational reasoning/decision making |
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Group Polarization |
The strengthening of ones position as a result of group discussion |
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Deindividuation |
Loss of identity and sense of responsibility when we are part of a group. |
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Social Contagion |
Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas |
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How do psychologists define "personality?" |
Pattern of enduring distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. |
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What are the key points about personality from the psychodynamic perspective? |
Primarily Unconscious Develops in stages From early childhood experiences |
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What are the divisions of consciousness according to Freud? |
Conscious Mind Preconscious Mind Unconscious Mind |
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Id |
Instincts and reserves of energy. Seek pleasure, avoid pain. Completely unconscious. |
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Ego |
Deals with demands of reality Bring pleasure but think logically! Partly unconscious. |
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Superego |
Idealistic and moral, partly unconscious |
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What we use to resolve conflicts between the Id, Ego, and Superego. |
We use Defense Mechanisms to resolve conflicts between them. |
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What are Freuds five Psychosexual Stages of personality development? |
Oral Stage (0-18 months) Anal Stage (18 mo - 3 years) Phallic Stage (3-6 years) Latency Stage (6-puberty) Genital Stage (adolecent - adult)
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Karen Horney |
Feminist critique of Freud Status envy not penis envy Primary need for security not sex
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Jung |
Analytical theory, all people are connected by something
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What was Carl Rogers' contribution to personality psychology? |
Brought in humanistic perspectives and client centered therapy
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What is the Five Factor Model? |
Broad traits that describe the main dimensions of personality. Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (O.C.E.A.N.) |
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Self-rapport measure of personality |
Measures personality with empirically-keyed tests used to get around social desirability problem; test takers don't know what's being measured |
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Projective measure of personality |
Measure with questionable validity, uses a psychodynamic approach such as describing ink blots. |
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Five personality assessment measures |
Psychodynamic Childhood experiences define adult personality, unconscious mind. Humanistic Personality evolves from ones innate motives to grow to potential. Social Cognitive Belief and interests form personality, conscious mind. Trait Personality is characterized by a set of five general trait groups. Personology The persons overall life story makes up their personality as they go. |
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Reciprocal Determinism |
Theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment. |
