Psych (Test 3)

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

A simple form of learning in which an organism comes to associate or anticipate events

Front 3

Reflex

Back 3

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Front 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 4

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.

Front 5

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 5

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Orienting Response

Back 6

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

Front 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 7

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response.

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occurs.

Front 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 9

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

Front 10

Gernaeralization

Back 10

In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

Front 11

Discrimination

Back 11

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do no forecast an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 12

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 12

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimuli comes to elicit the response brought forth by conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.

Front 13

Biological Preparedness

Back 13

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism.

Front 14

Counter Conditioning

Back 14

A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli losing their aversive qualities.

Front 15

Flooding

Back 15

A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning. Fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.

Front 16

Systematic Desensitization

Back 16

A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed.

Front 17

Law of Effect

Back 17

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

Front 18

Reward

Back 18

A pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of the behavior it follows.

Front 19

Punishments

Back 19

An unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behavior it follows.

Front 20

Reinforce

Back 20

To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response.

Front 21

Operant Behavior

Back 21

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment.

Front 22

Operant Conditioning

Back 22

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because it is reinforced.

Front 23

Operant

Back 23

The same as an operant behavior.

Front 24

Positive Reinforcer

Back 24

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

Front 25

Negative Reinforcer

Back 25

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant.

Front 26

Primary Reinforcer

Back 26

A reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning.

Front 27

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 27

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers.

Front 28

Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 28

Another term for a secondary reinforcer.

Front 29

Time Out

Back 29

Removal of an organism from a situation in which reinforcement is available when unwanted behavior is shown.

Front 30

Discriminative Stimulus

Back 30

In operant conditioning a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available.

Front 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 31

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.

Front 32

Partial Reinforcement

Back 32

One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced.

Front 33

Fixed-interval Schedule

Back 33

A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times reinforcement is available.

Front 34

Variable-interval Schedule

Back 34

A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

Front 35

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Back 35

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses.

Front 36

Variable-ratio Schedule

Back 36

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses.

Front 37

Shaping

Back 37

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior.

Front 38

Successive Approximations

Back 38

Behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior.

Front 39

Behavior Modification

Back 39

Therapy techniques based on principles of learning that teach adaptive behavior and extinguish or discourage maladaptive behavior.

Front 40

Programmed Learning

Back 40

A method of teaching that breaks down tasks into small steps, each of which is reinforced and then combined to form the correct behavioral chain.

Front 41

Cognitive Map

Back 41

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

Front 42

Latent Learning

Back 42

Leaning that is hidden, or concealed.

Front 43

Observational Learning

Back 43

A form of cognitive learning in which we learn by observing others regardless of whether we perform what we have learned or not.

Front 44

Model

Back 44

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.