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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 Sins of memory |
-Transcience/memory decay -Blocking/retrieval failure -Absentmindedness/encoding failure -Persistance -Misattribution -Bias -Suggestibility |
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Transcience/memory decay |
Reduced memory over time |
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Blocking/retrieval failure |
Inability to remember needed info |
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Absentmindedness/encoding failure |
Reduced memory due to failure to pay attention |
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Persistance |
Resurgance of unwanted memories one wants to forget |
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Misattribution |
Assigning memory to the wrong source |
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Bias |
Influence of current knowledge on memory for past events |
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Suggestibility |
Altering a memory because of misleading info |
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Proactive interference |
Prior info inhibits ability to remember new info |
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Retroactive interference |
New info inhibits ability to remember old info |
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Retrograde amnesia |
Loss of memories formed prior to brain trauma |
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Anterograde amnesia |
Inability to form new memories after brain trauma |
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Flashbulb memory |
Vivid recollections of surprising events |
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Memory Bias |
Changing memories over time to they are consistent with current beliefs. |
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Source amnesia |
shows memory for events for cannot remember where he encountered info |
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Cryptomnesia |
Type of misattribution where a person thinks they have come up with a new idea, yet has only remembered stored info |
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False fame effect |
Implicit memory leads people to believe familiar names are famous people. |
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Social brain hypothesis |
The size of a primates social group is related to the context of brain size |
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Reciporocity |
If person A helps/harms person B, person B will help/harm person A. |
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Transitivity |
People share their friends opinions of other people |
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Out group homogeneity effect |
Tendency to view out group as less varied than in group. |
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Social Identity theory |
In group members perceive themselves in the same social category |
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In group favoritism |
Favoring in group members over non in group members |
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Social facilitation |
Presence of others enhances performance |
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Deindividuation |
Reduced individuality/self awareness, due to being part of a group |
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Risky shift effect |
People in groups make riskier decisions than individuals |
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Group polarization |
initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time |
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Group think |
Tendency for groups to make bad decisions under pressure |
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Conformity |
Altering behavior to match other people |
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Social loafing |
Not working as hard in a group as you would alone |
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Normative influence |
Conforming to fit in with the group |
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Informational influence |
Conforming when they believe others behavior is correct |
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Compliance |
Tendency to agree to do things requested by others |
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Obedience |
Following orders from authority |
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Foot-in-the-door effect |
If agreeing to a small request, you are more likely to agree with a larger request |
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Door-in-face- effect |
Likely to agree to small request if you have already agreed to a larger request |
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By stander intervention effect |
The more people available to help, the less likely a victim will be helped |
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Kitty Genovese |
Murder victim that is an example of by stander intervention effect |
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Altruism |
Providing help without reward |
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Explicit attitude |
Attitude a person can report |
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Implicit attitude |
Attitude that influence behavior/feelings on an unconscious level. |
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Cognitive dissonance |
Uncomfortable mental state from contradiction between 2 attitudes |
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Festinger experiment |
Performed a boring task and paid others to tell people it was interesting |
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Post decisional dissonance |
Focusing on chosen objects positive aspects and non chose aspects negatives |
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Insufficient Justification |
Changing attitudes to justify our actions that we don't approve. |
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Justifying effort |
Resolve dissonance by inflating importance of the group -hazing |
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Attributions |
Explanation for why events/actions occur |
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Personal attributions |
Explanation of behavior through internal characteristics |
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Situational attributions |
Explanation of behavior through external factors
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Fundamental attribution error |
In explaining others behavior you overestimate personality traits and underestimate situational factors. |
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Prejudice |
Negative feelings/opinions associated with a stereotype |
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Discrimination |
Unjustified treatment as a result of prejudice |
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Passionate love |
state of intense longing/desire |
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Compassionate love |
Strong commitment based on trust/friendship |
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Faces we perceive attractive |
Symmetrical, averaged, biracial faces |
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Psychopathology |
Sickness/disorder of the mind |
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Etiology |
Contributing factors of the disorder |
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Maladaptiveness |
a person putting themselves/others in danger |
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Diathesis |
Underlying vulnerability (genetic predisposition, childhood trauma) |
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Diathesis stress model |
A disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is paired with a stressful life event |
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Most common disorders |
Depression, anxiety, adhd, and substance abuse |
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Anxiety disorder |
Excessive fear in absence of true danger |
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Social anxiety |
Fear of being negatively evaluated by others (Public speaking, meeting new people) |
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Generalized anxiety |
Constant anxiety not associated with anything specific
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Hypervigilance |
Distracted, fatigue, irritability, headaches, muscle pain -in anxiety |
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Panic disorder |
Sudden terror attacks and agoraphobia -linked with suicide |
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Agoraphobia |
Fear that you cannot escape |
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Phobia |
Disproportionate fear of something |
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Anxiety disorder components |
Cognitive, situational, biological |
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Anxiety symptoms |
Apprehension, fear, difficulty sleeping/concentrating |
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PTSD |
Nightmares/flashbacks of a trauma, tension, anxiety, and constant high alert |
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Major Depressive disorder |
Severe negative mood, lack of interest, suicidal thoughts, difficulty concentrating |
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Persistant Depressive disorder (Dysthmia) |
Form of depression not sever enough to be major depressive disorder |
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Dissociative disorders |
Disruption in identity, memory, or conscious awareness |
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Dissociative amnesia |
Memory loss of a block of time |
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Dissociative fugue |
Loss of identity and traveling to a new location -must rare/extreme |
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Schizophrenia |
Split between though/emotion. Alterations in thought, perception, and consciousness |
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Schizophrenia symptoms |
Hallucinations, paranoia, disorganized speech/behavior, dellusion |
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Bio factors of schizo |
Larger brain ventricles, increased dopamine, more mutations in dna |
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Positive Schizophrenia |
Abnormal behavior gained (hallucinations) |
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Negative schizophrenia |
Lost functions (emotional/social withdrawl, loss of speech) |
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Schizovirus |
People will schizo are more likely to be born in the winter |
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Personality disorders |
Pattern of maladaptive ways relating to the world |
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Anti social personality disorder |
Lack of empathy, flashy/charming, narcissist, willing to lie and cheat, commits illegal acts, more common in men, tend to age out of it |
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Borderline personality disorder |
Unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. Biopolar like emotions, more common in women |
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Cluster A |
Odd or eccentric behavior. (Paranoia, Schizophrenia) |
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Cluster B |
Dramatic emotional behavior (Anti social, borderline, narcissistic) |
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Cluster C |
Anxious or fearful behavior (OCD, anxiety) |
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Autism spectrum disorder |
Deficits in social interaction by impaired communication, and restricted interests. |
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Autism symptoms |
-odd speech patterns (echolaia) -Impairments in verbal/non verbal communications -Playing is repetitive/obsession -as babies do not smile/eye contact with caregivers -reject physical touch |
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ADHD |
Impulsitivity, inattentiveness, restlessness, and hyperactivity |
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Bipolar |
Shifts in moods from extremely happy to depressed. Men and women equally |
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Phototherapy |
Used to treat seasonal depression, exposure to high intensity light |
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Electroconvulsive therapy |
Effective when all else fails, works quickly, but chance of memory impairment |
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Gender and depression |
Women diagnosed twice as much, men mask it with irritability/alchohol |
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Dialectil behavioral therapy |
Treats borderline by combining cognitive treatment with mindfulness approach. |
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Applied behavioral analyis |
Operant conditioning for autism, 40 hrs a week, gains IQ |
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Difficulties of treating APD |
they lie and dont care about others, often manipulate therapists |
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Loftus experiments |
Possible to implant memories in people, lost in the mall |
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Eye witness testimony |
People make poor/inaccurate eyewitnesses -Improve: no leading questions |
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Zimbarac Prison Experiments |
Situational vs. personal factors -situation=more important |
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Asch experiment |
conformity with line length |
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Rosenthal study |
Being sane sane in insane places -normal behavior interpreted as insane |
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Rorscharch |
Projective test, unconscious thoughts come through in unidentified images. |
