Psych Test 3

Front 1

learning

Back 1

the process of acquiring through experiences new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Front 2

associative learning

Back 2

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (i.e. classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (i.e. operant conditioning)

Front 3

stimulus

Back 3

any event or situation that evokes a respose

Front 4

cognitive learning

Back 4

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Front 5

Classical Conditioning

Back 5

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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behaviorism

Back 6

the view that psychology (1) should be an observation science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

Front 7

neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 7

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Front 8

unconditioned response

Back 8

in classical conditioning, a unlearned, naturally occurring response (such a salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as the food)

Front 9

unconditioned stimulus

Back 9

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response

Front 10

conditioned response

Back 10

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

Back 11

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 12

extinction

Back 12

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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spontaneous recovery

Back 13

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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generalization

Back 14

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Front 15

discrimination

Back 15

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Front 16

operant conditioning

Back 16

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 17

law of effect

Back 17

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences became more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable ones became less likely

Front 18

reinforcement

Back 18

any event that STRENGTHS the behavior that follows

Front 19

shaping

Back 19

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closers and closer of the desired behaviors

Front 20

positive reinforcement

Back 20

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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negative reinforcement

Back 21

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

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primary reinforcer

Back 22

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such a one that satisfies a biological need

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conditioned reinforcer

Back 23

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also know as secondary

Front 24

continuous reinforcerment

Back 24

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Front 25

reinforcement schedule

Back 25

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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partial reinforcement

Back 26

reinforcing a response a response only part of the time; has a greater resistance to extinction then continuous reinforcement

Front 27

fixed ratio schedule

Back 27

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Front 28

variable-ratio schedule

Back 28

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed-interval schedule

Back 29

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Front 30

variable-interval schedule

Back 30

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Front 31

punishment

Back 31

an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

Front 32

respondent behavior

Back 32

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 33

operant behavior

Back 33

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 34

cognitive map

Back 34

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.

Front 35

latent learning

Back 35

learning that occurs but is not apparent until tree is an incentive to demonstrate it

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intrinsic motivation

Back 36

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Front 37

extrinsic motivation

Back 37

a desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments

Front 38

modeling

Back 38

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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prosocial behavior

Back 39

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Front 40

memory

Back 40

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 41

recall

Back 41

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Front 42

recongnition

Back 42

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Front 43

relearning

Back 43

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Front 44

encoding

Back 44

in processing information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning

Front 45

storage

Back 45

the retention on encoded information over time

Front 46

retrieval

Back 46

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 47

sensory memory

Back 47

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Front 48

short-term memory

Back 48

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is tired or forgotten

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long-term memory

Back 49

the relatively permeant and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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working memory

Back 50

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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explicit memory

Back 51

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Front 52

effortful processing

Back 52

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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automatic processing

Back 53

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Front 54

implicit memory

Back 54

retention independent of conscious recollection

Front 55

iconic memory

Back 55

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Front 56

echoic memory

Back 56

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for 3 to 4 seconds

Front 57

chunking

Back 57

organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

Front 58

mnemonics

Back 58

memory aids

Front 59

shallow processing

Back 59

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Front 60

deep processing

Back 60

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Front 61

flashbulb memory

Back 61

a clear memory of an emotion significant moment of event

Front 62

long-term potential

Back 62

an increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Front 63

priming

Back 63

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Front 64

mood-congruent memory

Back 64

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Front 65

serial postion effect

Back 65

our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Front 66

anterograde amnesia

Back 66

inability to form new memories

Front 67

retrograde amnesia

Back 67

an inability to retrieves information from ones past

Front 68

proactive interference

Back 68

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Front 69

retroactive interference

Back 69

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Front 70

repression

Back 70

in psychoanalytical theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feel ins, and memories

Front 71

source amnesia

Back 71

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. is at the heart of many false memories

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psychodynamic theories

Back 72

view personalities with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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free-assocation

Back 73

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the uncurious in which the person relaxes and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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id

Back 74

strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle

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ego

Back 75

the executive part of personality. operates on the reality principle

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superego

Back 76

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement

Front 77

psychosexual stages

Back 77

the childhood stages of development during which, the ids pleasure-seeking energies forces on erogenous zones

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identification

Back 78

the process by which, according to freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

Front 79

fixations

Back 79

a lingering focus on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stages

Front 80

collective unconscious

Back 80

carl junks concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Front 81

trait

Back 81

a persons characteristic pattern of behavior