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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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levels of processing
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the degree to which information is processed during memory encoding/storage
shallow (physical) Deep (meaning) |
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encoding specificity principle
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ease of retrieval from LTM depends on the match between the way information is encoded and the way it later is retrieved
more neural network that represents it is activated |
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spacing effect
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superiority of memory for info. rehearsed over longer time intervals
Bahrick study- 5 yrs., foreign lang. vocab |
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mnemonic devices
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systematic strategies for remembering information (external aids- note taking; or internal aids- mental lists)
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SQ3R
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survey, question, read, recite, review
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Method of Loci
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physical location linked with items you want to recall
(backpack in room) |
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Peg Method
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imagery combined with a verbal rhyme
one-son (son holding a quart of milk) two-shoe (grapes in shoe) three-ski (yogurt while skiing) |
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Node
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a set of neurons distributed throughout the brain that fires together to produce a mental representation of an object or category
nodes without a direct link can become associated through experience |
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networks of association
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ideas that are mentally connected with one another by repeatedly occurring together
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Spreading Activation theory
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activating one node in a network can trigger activation in closely related nodes
Experiment: participants presented with word pairs: ocean-moon-- then asked about detergent-- TIDE |
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Forgetting
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inability to recall previously learned information
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Ebbinghaus + forgetting
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documented the rate of forgetting
initial rate is rapid but then gradual loss increasing initial study raises the same graph (because forgetting is at the same rate) |
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Forgetting: Decay Theory
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memory is a neural trace that fades (is weakened) with disuse
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Interference Theory
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conflict between new and old memories
Proactive-- old affects new memories Retroactive-- new affects old |
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Motivated forgetting
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forgetting for a reason (avoid painful memories)
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Emotions impairing memory
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stress levels: corrode neural connections and shrink hippocampus
and block retrieval of old memories |
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Emotions help memory
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flashbulb memories: vivid memories of emotionally significant events or moments
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