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84 Cards in this Set
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psychometrics
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concerned with developing psycholgical tests that assess an individual's abilities, skills, beliefs, and personality traits in a wide range of settings- school, industry, or clinic.
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psychometric approach
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measures cognitive abilites or factors that are thought to be involved in intellectual performance
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spearman's two factor theory
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says that intelligence has two factors: a general mental ability factor, g, which represents what different cognitive tasks have in common, plus many specific factors, s, which include specific mental abilities (mathematical, mechanical, or verbal skills)
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gardner's multiple intelligence theory
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says taht instead of one kind of genearl intelligence, there are at least nine different kinds, which include verbal, musical, logical/mathematical, spatial, body movement, self awareness, extrinsic awareness, naturalistic, and existential intelligence.
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sternberg's triarchic theory
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says that intelligence can be divided into three different kinds of reasoning processess. The first is using analytical or logical thinking skills measured by traditional intelligence tests. the second is using problem solving skills that require creative thinking and the ability to learn from experience. the third is using practical thiking skills that help a person adjust to, and cope with, his or her sociocultural environment.
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binet-simon intelligence scale
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contained items arranged in order of increasing difficulty, the items measured vocabulary, memory, common knowledge, and other cognitive abilities
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mental age
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a method of estimating a child's intellectual progress by comparing the child's score on an iq test to the scores of average children of the same age
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intelligence quotient (iq)
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computed by dividing a child's mental age as a measured in an iq test, by the child's chronological age and multiplying by 100.
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Weschler adult intelligence scale (wais III) and wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC IV)
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have items that are organized into various subtests. for example, the verbal section contains a subtest of general information, a subtest of vocab, and others. the performance section contains a subtest taht involves arranging pictures in a meaningful order, one that requirees assembling objects, and one that ainvolves using codes. the verbal and performance scores are combined to give a single iq score.
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validity
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means that the test measures what it is supposed to measure
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reliability
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refers to consistency, a person's score on a test at one point should be similar to the score obtained by the same person on a similar test at a later point in time.
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normal distribution
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refers to a statistical arrangement of scores so that they resemble the shape of a bell and, thus, is said to be a bell shaped curve. a bell shaped curve means the vast majority of scores fall in the middle range, with fewer scores falling near the two extreme ends of the curve.
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organic retardation
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results from genetic problems or brain damage
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cultural familial retardation
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results from a greatly impoverished environment. there is no evidence of genetic or brain damage.
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cultural bias
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means that the wording of the questions and teh experiencecs on which teh questions are based are more familiar to members of some social group than to others.
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nonintellectual factors
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refer to noncognitive factors, such as attitude, experience, and emotional functioning, that may help or hinder performance on tests.
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fraternal twins
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like siblings, develop from separate eggs and have 50% of their genes in common.
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identical twins
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develop from the same egg and thus have identical genes, which means that they have 100% of their genes in common
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heritability
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a number that indicates the amoutnt or proportion of some ability, characteristics, or trait that can be attributed to genetic factors (nature).
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reaction range
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indicates the extent to which traits, abilities, or iq scores may increase or decrease as a result of interaction with environmental factors
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intervention program
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helps disadvantages children from low socioeconoic classes to achieve better intellectual, social, and personal/emotional development, as well as physical health
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cognitive approach
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one method of studying how we process, store, and use information and how this information, in turn, influences what we notice, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel
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thinking (or reasoning)
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involves mental processes that are used to form concepts, solve problems, and engage in creative activities.
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language
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special form of communicationi in which we learn and use complex rules to form and manipulate symbols that are used to generate an endless number of meaningful sentences
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concept
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a way to group or classify ojects, events, animals, or people based on some features, traits, or characteristics that they all share in common
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exemplar model
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says taht you forma concept of an object, event, animal, or person by defining or making a mental list of the essential characteristics of a particular thing
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prototype theory
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says that you form a concept by creating a mental image that is based on the average characteristics of an object. this average looking object is called a prototype. to identify a new object, you match it to one of your already formed prototypes of objects, people, or animals
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problem solving
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involves seraching for some rule, plan, or strategy that results in our reaching a ceratin goal that is currently out of reach
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algorithms
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a fixed set of rules that, if followed correctly, will eventually lead to a solution
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heuristics
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rules fo thumb, or clever and creative mental shortcuts, that reduce the number of operations and allow one to solve problems more easily and quickly
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the availablilty heuristic
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says that we rely on information that is more prominent or easily recalled and overlook other information that is available but less prominent or notable
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functional fixedness
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refers to a mental set that is characterized by the inability to see an object as having a function different from its usual one
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insight
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is the sudden grasp of a solution after many incorrect attmepts
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analogy
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a strategy for finding a similarity between the new situation and an old, familiar situation
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subgoals
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is a strategy that involves breaking down the overall problem into separate parts that, when completed in order, will result in a solution.
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creative thinking
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is a combination of flexability in thinking and reorganization of understanding to produce innovative ideas and new or novel solutions.
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creative individual
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is someone who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions that make an impact on his or her society
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convergent thinking
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means beginning with a problem and coming up with a single correct solution
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divergent thinking
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means beginning with a problem and coming up with many different solutions
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savants
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about 10% of autistic individuals who show some incredible memory, music, or drawing talent
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language
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a special form of communication that involves learning complex rules to make and combine symbols into an endless bumber of meaningful sentences
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word
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an arbitrary pairing between a sound or symbol and a meaning
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phenology
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specifies how we make teh meaningful sounds that are used by a particular language
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phenomes
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are the basic sounds of consonants or words
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morphology
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is the system that we use to group phonemes into meaningful combinations of sounds and words
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morphene
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is the smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language
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syntax
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grammar, a set of rules that specifies how we combine words to form meaningful phrases and sentences
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semantics
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specifies the meanings of words or phrases when they appear in various sentences or contexts
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surface structure
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refers to the actual wording of a sentence, as it is spoken
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deep structure
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refers to an underlying meaning that is not spoken but is present in the mind of a listener
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transformational rules
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procedures by which we convert our ideas from surface structures into deep structures and from deep structures back into surface ones
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chomsky's theory of language
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says that all languages share a common universal grammar and that children inherit a mental program to learn this universal grammar
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language stages
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refers to all infants going through four different periods or stages- babbling, single words, two word combinations, sentences. all children go through these four stages in teh same order, and in each stage, children show new and more complex language skills
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babbling
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which begins at about 6 months, is the first stage in acquiring language. babbling refers to making one syllbale sounds, which are common across all languages
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single words
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mark the second stage in acquiring language, which occurs at about 1 year of age. infants say single words that usually refer to what they can see, hear, or feel
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parantese
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is a way of speaking to young children in which the adult speaks in a slower and higher than normal voice, emphasizes and stretches out each word, uses very simple sentences, and repeats words and phrases
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two word combinations
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which represent the third stage in acquiring language, occur at about 2 years of age. two word combinations are strings of two words that express various action or relationships
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sentences
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which represent the fourth stage of acquiring language, occur at about 4 years of age. sentences range from three to eight words in length and indicate a growing knowledge of the rules of grammar
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telegraphic speech
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is a distinctive pattern of speaking in which a child omits articles (the), prepositions (in, out), and parts of verbs
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basic rules of grammar
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are the rules for combining nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech to form meaningful sentences
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overgeneralization
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means applying a grammatical rule to cases where it should not be used
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innate language factors
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are genetically programmed physiological and neurological features that facilitate our making speech sounds and acquiring language skills
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critical language period
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is the time from infancy to adolescence when language is easiest to learn
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language is..
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usually more difficult to learn anytime after adolescence
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environmental language factors
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refer to interractions chilfren have with parents, peers, teachers, and others who provide feedback that rewards and encourages language development, as well as provides opportunites for children to observe, imitate, and practice language skills
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social cognitive learning
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emphasizes the acquisition of language skills through social interactions, which gives children a chance to observe, imitate, and practice the sounds, words, and sentences they hear from their parents or caregivers
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theory of linguistic relativity
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states that the differeneces among languages result in similar differences in how people think and perceive the world
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communication
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the ability to use sounds, smells, or gestures to exchange information
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language
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is a special form of communication in which an individual learns complex rules for using words or gestures to generate and understand an endless neumber of meaningful sentences
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g is measured by..
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an iq test, but it has too narrow a focus to be the only factor in determing iq
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triarchic =
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"three components"
1. iq score 2. creative thinking/experience learning 3. sociocultural environment |
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brain size does not necessarily match _____. ....
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performance.. men have larger brains (10%) than women, but iq scores are equal
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today we have a complex ____________________ iq system
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deviation
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binet's two warnings about iq testing
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1. iq tests do not measure natural intelligence, they measure cognitive abilities
2. iq tests by themselves should not be used to label people |
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g is measured by..
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an iq test, but it has too narrow a focus to be the only factor in determing iq
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triarchic =
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"three components"
1. iq score 2. creative thinking/experience learning 3. sociocultural environment |
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brain size does not necessarily match _____. ....
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performance.. men have larger brains (10%) than women, but iq scores are equal
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today we have a complex ____________________ iq system
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deviation
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binet's two warnings about iq testing
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1. iq tests do not measure natural intelligence, they measure cognitive abilities
2. iq tests by themselves should not be used to label people |
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g is measured by..
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an iq test, but it has too narrow a focus to be the only factor in determing iq
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triarchic =
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"three components"
1. iq score 2. creative thinking/experience learning 3. sociocultural environment |
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brain size does not necessarily match _____. ....
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performance.. men have larger brains (10%) than women, but iq scores are equal
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today we have a complex ____________________ iq system
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deviation
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binet's two warnings about iq testing
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1. iq tests do not measure natural intelligence, they measure cognitive abilities
2. iq tests by themselves should not be used to label people |
