Related Essays

  • Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/188

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

188 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
single nerve cell
Neuron
Cells in the nervous system that support neurons by insulating them and removing waste products are called
Glia
three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the __________, and the __________.
Cell body, dendrites, axons
The single, long, straight fiber that extends from the cell body of a neuron and conducts impulses toward another neuron is called the
Axon
The numerous short, widely branching fibers of a neuron that receive input from other neurons are known as
Dendrites
What purpose does the myelin covering an axon serve?
insulating sheath that
speeds up the transmission of impulses along an
axon
The part of a neuron that receives messages from other cells is called the ________. The part that sends messages to other cells is the ________.
Dendrites & Axons
The normal state of an axon (when no impulse is present) is called the
resting potential
When an axon is at rest, positively charged sodium ions are
more concentrated outside the axon than inside.
An action potential takes place by the movement of __________ ions across the membrane.
Sodium
A synapse is
a junction where one neuron communicates with another
Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in packets within the cell called
synaptic vesicles
The synaptic cleft is a narrow gap found between?
terminal boutons and the postsynaptic neuron.
What is a neurotransmitter?
a neurotransmitter excites or inhibits a
receptor
Transmission at synapses
depends on different chemicals at different synapses
Nearly all illegal recreational drugs AND legal medical drugs (such as those used to combat Parkinson's disease and depression) exert their effects at
synapses
What illnesses is caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain?
Parkinson's disease
People with Parkinson's disease have trouble in
controlling voluntary movements
A neuron is
a cell of the nervous system that conveys information to other cells.
Amphetamine and cocaine produce effects on the nervous system by
increasing and prolonging the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine
Which of the following would NOT be considered a stimulant?
marijuana
Which of the following are examples of stimulant drugs
cocaine and amphetamine
Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant drug?
Alcohol
Alcohol and many tranquilizers exert many of their behavioral effects by facilitating transmission at synapses that use the neurotransmitter
GABA
At the synaptic level, the effects of alcohol are most similar to those of
tranquilizers.
Valium and Xanax are examples of a class of drugs known as
benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs often prescribed for use as
Tranquilizers
Symptoms of withdrawal from opiate drugs include
anxiety, pain, and over-responsiveness to sounds and other stimuli
Which of the following is an example of an opiate drug?
Morphine
Morphine and heroin are members of which class of drugs?
Narcotics
How do morphine, heroin, and other opiates affect the nervous system?
They bind to receptors that use endorphins as their neurotransmitters.
What experience does marijuana most frequently produce?
increased intensity of sensory experiences
Marijuana has each of the following medical uses EXCEPT
improving memory in people with damage to the cerebral cortex
Marijuana use has NOT been demonstrated to cause
increased cell loss in the brain after a stroke.
One thing that opiates and marijuana have in common is that both
contain chemicals called endorphins.
NOT associated with hallucinogenic drugs?
pain reduction
LSD produces hallucinogenic experiences by attaching mainly to brain receptors sensitive to the neurotransmitter
serotonin.
Which of the following drugs has been shown most strongly by research to cause brain damage?
ecstasy
The central nervous system consists of the_________________ and _________________.
Brain and the Spinal Cord
The nerves that carry information from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain, and from the spinal cord and brain to the glands and muscles, are collectively known as the:
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the __________ nervous system, which controls muscles, and the __________ nervous system, which controls the organs.
somatic(muscles)
autonomic(organs)
The forebrain is divided into the _____________ and_____________ hemispheres.
left and right
The outer surface of the forebrain is called the__________________________.
cerebral cortex
A person who has suffered damage to the cerebral cortex has impaired vision. Which part of the cortex is probably damaged?
Occipital Lobe
Various major parts of the cerebral cortex-such as the occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and temporal lobe-control different:
sensory systems
Holly suffers from cortical blindness, which means she has suffered damage to her:
Occipital lobe
A person who has suffered damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex would probably experience impairment of
control of fine movements
In most people, the control of language depends mostly on:
The left hemisphere of the brain.
Impairments in hearing, the ability to recognize complex patterns (such as faces), language comprehension, and emotion are all associated with damage to the:
temporal lobe.
A person who has suffered damage to her amygdale:
is slow to process emotional information.
__________ lobe is specialized to process information related to touch, pain and temperature.
Parietal
Within the primary somatosensory cortex, larger areas are associated with:
areas of the body that are more sensitive to touch (e.g. lips).
Brain surgery is sometimes conducted under local anesthesia while the patient remains awake. During such surgery, suppose the surgeon lightly stimulates a few neurons in the patient's left parietal cortex. What will the patient probably experience?
touch sensation somewhere in the right half of the body
The primary motor cortex is located in the __________ lobe
Frontal
The primary motor cortex is important for the control of:
fine movements.
After damage to the cerebral cortex Joshua has an impairment in planning and organizing movements.
Where is the damage probably located?
prefrontal
cortex
The area of the forebrain that relays sensory information (except for smell) to the cerebral cortex is known as the__________________.
primary somatosensory
Which structure of the hindbrain controls muscles in the head (such as those used to chew and swallow)?
pons
and medulla
__________________________is an imaging device that records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals.
PET Scans
After Clyde has suffered damage to his cerebellum, he is likely to have trouble with each of the following except:
using his right hand to touch something he saw in the left visual field.
Paul drank beer until he became intoxicated. His speech is slow and slurred, and he cannot walk a straight line. What part of his brain has been most impaired by the alcohol?
cerebellum
If a scientist wanted to measure the electrical activity of the brain on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis, the best available technique would be:
electroencephalograph (EEG).
Which type of brain scanning technique provides a high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity from chemicals that are injected into the brain?
positron emission tomography (PET)
Which part of the nervous system readies the body for vigorous "fight or flight" activities?
the sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system:
increases heart rate and breathing rate.
The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are the __________ and the __________.
sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system controls:
digestion and other activities that occur during rest.
The ________________system refers to a set of glands that produces and releases hormones?
Endocrine
Hormones are very similar both chemically and functionally to:
neurotransmitters.
Hormones differ from neurotransmitters in that
hormones are released into the bloodstream; neurotransmitters are released adjacent to the cell they are to excite or inhibit.
thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, and ovary or testis are all part of the ____________ system
Endocrine system
Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into neurons are known as __________ cells.
Stem cells
Define sensation.
the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of
response by the nervous system.
Define perception.
The interperetation of a pattern of
response by the nervous system.
Our sense organs are packed with specialized cells called __________ that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.
Receptors
When you see something:
energy comes from the object into your eyes.
Which of our senses detects part of the electromagnetic spectrum?
vision/receptors
The continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy, from gamma rays to TV transmissions, is referred to as:
the electromagnetic spectrum.
As light passes through the eye it is focused by the __________, which always focuses light in the same way, and the __________, which is flexible and enables focusing on objects at different distances by varying its thickness.
As light passes through the eye it is focused by the CORNEA, which always focuses light in the same way, and the LENS which is flexible and enables focusing on objects at different distances by varying its thickness.
Compared to the periphery of the eye, the fovea has better perception of
faint light and detail.
If you want to see something in detail you focus it on the
Fovea
Rods and cones are located in the______________.
Retina
Which of the following is NOT true of the rods in the retina?
more numerous in the periphery than in the fovea
Why do you see color better in the fovea than in the periphery?
The fovea has more cones.
It is hard to perceive color when the light is dim, because vision in dim light depends on the:
Rods
The optic nerve is composed of axon fibers from
ganglion cells
The route of visual information from the visual receptors (rods and cones) to the brain is
receptors--bipolar cells--ganglion cells--optic nerve--brain

RBGOB
In the human brain, most of the axons from the optic nerve go to the:
Thalamus
The primary area of the cortex for visual processing is on the __________ lobe
Occipital
The blind spot of the retina is the point where:
the optic nerve leaves the retina
Physically, lights of different colors differ in their:
wavelength.
According to the trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz theory) of color vision, how do we perceive the difference between one color and another?
by the ratio between the activity of the cones and the activity of the rods
According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, we perceive color by:
a red-green system, a yellow-blue system, and a black-white system.
Which of the following most directly lends support to the opponent-process theory of color vision?
We see negative afterimages after staring at a bright-colored image.
Which of the following most strongly supports the retinex theory of color vision?
The apparent color of an object depends on the color of other objects we see at the same time.
According to the retinex theory we perceive color through the combined contributions of the:
Cortex and Retina
Which of the three theories of color vision is correct?
ALL
Investigators believe that most cases of color vision deficiency are due to an abnormality in the:
cones.
Which is the most common form of color vision deficiency?
inability to distinguish red from green
Men are more likely to have color vision deficiency than women because this deficiency is caused by:
a recessive
gene on the X chromosome
The frequency of sound waves is responsible for which aspect of our hearing?
Pitch
The loudness of a sound depends on which physical aspect of sound waves?
intensity
The receptor cells along the basilar membrane, which give rise to hearing, are known as:
hair cells
Receptor cells for hearing are found along a membrane within the cochlea. This membrane is called the __________ membrane.
basilar
The route of auditory information from some external sound source to the auditory cortex in the brain is:
eardrum--hammer, anvil, and stirrup--cochlea--hair cells--auditory nerve.
EHASCHA
Conduction deafness is caused by damage to the:
bones connected to the eardrum
Which of the following is true of nerve deafness?
It can be caused by heredity, disease, or exposure to loud noises.
In the human ear, the ability to perceive intermediate frequencies (about 100-5000 Hz) depends on neurons working according to the __________ principle.
volley principle
Which sensory system detects the position and acceleration of the head?
Vestibular system
Three semicircular canals and two otolith organs make up the:
Vestibular System
Which sensory system is most impaired in astronauts who are experiencing weightlessness in space?
Vestibular System
What do cutaneous senses detect?
pressure, warmth, cold, pain, and other stimuli on the skin
According to the gate theory of pain,
messages from the brain to the spinal cord can decrease the sensation of pain
The neurotransmitter responsible for pain is called __________. A chemical that increases release of that transmitter is __________. A neurotransmitter that decreases pain is __________.
The neurotransmitter responsible for pain is called SUBSTANCE P. A chemical that increases release of that transmitter is CAPSAICIN. a neurotransmitter that decreases pain is ENDORPHINS
Endorphins are:
neurotransmitters that are similar to morphine.
We now know that the cause of phantom sensations (such as with phantom limbs) lie in the:
cortex of the brain.
What are your two chemical senses?
Taste & Olfaction (Smell)
In adult humans, taste buds are located:
almost exclusively along the outside edge of the tongue.
It appears that there are five primary tastes including:
Sweet, sour, and umami.
Olfaction refers to the sense of_________________.
Smell!
The number of types of cones (responsible for different wavelengths) is __________. The number of types of olfactory receptors is __________.
The number of types of cones (responsible for different wavelengths) is THREE The number of types of olfactory receptors is HUNDREDS
What is a pheromone?
a chemical released by one animal that affects the social behavior of other animals
Adult women who spend much time together often begin to have their periods at the same time, because of the influence of chemicals called:
pheromones.
A human nucleus has __________ pairs of __________.
23 pairs of chromosomes
Each egg and sperm cell has__________chromosomes.
23
A gene is:
a section of a chromosome that controls development
Men have __________ and women have __________ chromosomes.
Men have XY and women have XX chromosomes.
How do monozygotic twins differ from dizygotic twins?
develop from a single fertilized egg and have identical genes.
Researchers have studied pairs of twins who were reared in separate homes as children and then
reunited as adults. Researchers examined their hobbies, habits, and preferences and found that
monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins.
An estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity is known as:
heritability
Whether a particular child learns to speak English, German, or Portuguese will be determined by
his/her __________, so the heritability for spoken language would be __________.
environment...0
If the variation in some characteristic depends to a large degree on genes, then we should expect to find that
monozygotic twins who are separated at birth and reared in separate environments resemble each other.
Most evidence about heritability in humans comes from studies of:
twins and adopted children.
Which of the following is generally considered to be evidence in favor of a genetic influence
on behavior?
Adopted children resemble their biological parents more than they resemble their adoptive parents
Most Asian adults drink little or no milk and seldom eat dairy products. The primary reason is:
genetic differences in digestion
Temperament refers to:
people's tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved.
If Sally is generally outgoing and adventurous while Rachel is more shy and reserved, we would say these two people differ in:
Temperament
Which of the following contributes to the temperament of an individual?
both genetics and environment
Studies of phenylketonuria (PKU) provide particularly strong evidence for the conclusion that
changes in the environment can alter the outcome of a condition that is under genetic control.
Beginning at about 8 weeks after conception and throughout the remainder of the prenatal period,
a developing human is called____________.
Fetus
Newborn babies weighing less than 4 pounds at birth are at considerable risk for eventual mental
retardation and various behavior problems. Which of the following seems to be most responsible
for this relationship?
Mothers of low-weight babies tend to be young or poor and unlikely to get proper medical or nutritional care for themselves or the babies
A small head, malformed face, heart, and ears, seizures, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities are
all associated with ________________ syndrome?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to infants that have:
Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to infants that have:
A stimulus so weak that a person can detect its presence only 50% of the time is a stimulus at the
absolute sensory threshold.
When people try to judge whether a stimulus is present or absent, they make correct judgments, misses,
and false alarms. The study of their answers is known as________________theory.
Signal-detection theory
Subliminal perception means perceiving:
stimuli weaker than the sensory threshold.
Investigations of supposed backward messages on rock records indicate that:
if such messages are present, they have no detectable effect on our behavior
Many psychologists believe that the brain has a special module devoted specifically to face recognition because:
brain damage can impair the recognition of faces even though recognition of other objects is unimpaired
What is a feature detector in the visual system?
a neuron that increases its activity when a certain pattern is shown to the retina
Hubel and Wiesel's Nobel prize-winning research with monkeys and cats provided evidence for the existence of:
feature-detector cells in the visual cortex.
Gestalt psychologists specialized in studying:
how we perceive a complex pattern as a whole
The slogan of Gestalt psychology is
the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Loosely translated, "Gestalt" means_______________.
pattern or configuration
One reversible figure can be seen either as a vase or as two profiles looking toward each other. This example illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
figure and ground
Which of the following is one of the Gestalt principles of perception?
proximity
Which of the following is NOT one of the Gestalt principles of perception?
sensory adaptation
As you watch a car drive toward you, you do not perceive it as growing larger, even though its image
on your retina grows larger. The name for this phenomenon is:
motion parallax.
Motion pictures are actually a series of still photos, each slightly different from the last. Our tendency to perceive them as moving is an example of _______________________movement.
stroboscopic movement
Retinal disparity is:
the difference between views seen by the left and right eyes.
Which of the following is a binocular cue to depth perception?
retinal disparity
Sometimes you can tell that an object is close to you because you have to pull your eyes toward the center to focus on the object. This cue to distance is known as:
Convergence
Texture gradient, interposition, shadows, and linear perspective are all cues most involved in the perception of
Depth
Which of the following is an example of motion parallax?
As you travel in a car, nearby objects pass by faster than distant objects do.
A valid explanation for many optical illusions is that:
we misestimate sizes because we misestimated distances.
The Ames room is used to study:
optical illusions.
reasonable explanation for the moon illusion is that the moon appears larger at the horizon because
we compare the size of the moon at the horizon to the apparent sizes of other objects at the horizon.
In Piaget's terminology, what is it that sometimes gets assimilated and sometimes gets accommodated?
a schema
Piaget claimed that both infants and adults show intellectual growth through two processes called _______________ and___________________.
Assimilation and Accomodation
According to Piaget, applying an old schema to a new object or problem is called:
Assimilation
According to Piaget's concept of accommodation,
a child modifies an old schema to fit a new object or problem.
According to Piaget, equilibration:
is the key to intellectual growth
What is the correct order of the stages in Piaget's theory of development?
Sensorimotor/preoperational/concrete/formal

SPCF
What was Piaget's view on intellectual development occurring in stages?
if the new problem is different from previous problems, you
modify (accommodate) your schema to find a solution.
According to Piaget, children respond only to what they see and hear, rather than what they might remember or imagine, in the __________ stage.
sensorimotor
Children first appear to gain some concept of self in Piaget's __________ stage
sensorimotor
What does Piaget mean by his idea of object permanence?
the idea that objects continue to
exist even when we do not see or hear them
According to Piaget, how can we determine whether a child has the concept of object permanence?
Place a toy behind a barrier and see whether the child retrieves it
What did Piaget mean by an "operation" (as in "concrete operations")?
an organized way of dealing with objects in the world
What did Piaget mean by the term "egocentric"?
seeing the world only from your own perspective
Egocentrism, or the tendency to think others must know what we know, is found:
in both adults and children
An experimenter shows a child two equal glasses of water and then pours the water from one of them
into a glass of a different shape. Then the experimenter asks whether the new glass has more or less water than the other one. What concept is the experimenter testing?
Conservation
According to Piaget, a child who has the concept of conservation understands that:
that squashing a ball of clay
does not change its weight
Children in Piaget's preoperational stage of development lack:
the concept of conservation
According to Piaget, children in the concrete-operations stage:
lack the concept of conservation.
Olivia Sue understands that objects maintain their weight and volume after changes in shape.
But she has trouble answering abstract or hypothetical questions. She is in which of Piaget's stages?
concrete operations
To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations, a psychologist
might test whether the child can:
answer hypothetical and abstract questions
The thought processes of a child in Piaget's stage of formal operations are like those of:
normal adults.
Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget's stage of formal operations?
performs well on tests of object permanence, conservation, and hypothetical questions