Psych Test 2

Front 1

Chromosomes

Back 1

Threadlike structures that carries genetic information

Front 2

DNA

Back 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Carrier of genetic information

Front 3

Genes

Back 3

Units of heredity that is transferred from parent to offspring

Front 4

Identical twins

Back 4

Monozygotic. One sperm + 1 egg equal 2 embryos

Front 5

Fraternal twins

Back 5

Dizygotic. Two eggs plus two sperm equal 2 embryos

Front 6

Zygote

Back 6

Fertilized egg

Front 7

Embryo

Back 7

Developing human organism from two weeks after fertilization

Front 8

Fetus

Back 8

The developing human organs from 9 weeks

Front 9

Teratogens

Back 9

Monster makers. Agents that can reach the embryo and cause harm

Front 10

Maturation

Back 10

Biological birth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior and relatively influenced by experience

Front 11

Puberty

Back 11

Period of sexual maturation

Front 12

Schema

Back 12

Concept that organizes and interprets information

Front 13

Assimilation

Back 13

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Front 14

Accommodation

Back 14

Adapting to current understanding to incorporate new information

Front 15

Sensorimotor stage

Back 15

Stage when infants know the world by terms of sensory and motor activities. Ages 0 to 2 years old

Front 16

Object permanence

Back 16

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Front 17

Preoperational stage

Back 17

Stage during which child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend mental operations. Ages 2 to 6 / 7 years old

Front 18

Egocentrism

Back 18

Preoperational child's difficulty taking another's points of view

Front 19

Concrete operational stage

Back 19

Stage which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically. Ages 6 / 7 to 11 years old

Front 20

Conservation

Back 20

Properties such as mass , volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form of object

Front 21

Formal operational stage

Back 21

People begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Start at age 12

Front 22

Secure attachment

Back 22

Mother's presence equals happy child. No mother equals distressed child

Front 23

Insecure avoidant attachment

Back 23

Child seem indifferent with mother's departure and return

Front 24

Insecure ambivalent attachment

Back 24

Child's anxious resistant attachment but will explore little

Front 25

Authoritarian parenting style

Back 25

High standards

Front 26

Authoritative parenting styles

Back 26

High standards and nurturing and responsive to child

Front 27

Permissive parenting style

Back 27

Very involved but no control over child

Front 28

Negligent / abusive parenting style

Back 28

Neglect of proper care. Behavior from parent to child

Front 29

Classical conditioning

Back 29

Learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 30

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 30

A stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. Natural and automatic

Front 31

Unconditioned response

Back 31

Unlearned, natural occurring response. For example salivation for food

Front 32

Neutral stimulus

Back 32

Stimulus that has no response before conditioning

Front 33

Conditioned stimulus

Back 33

An original irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 34

Conditioned response

Back 34

A learned response

Front 35

Conditioned emotional response

Back 35

Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus. Such as electric shock / loud bang

Front 36

Acquisition

Back 36

Initial stage, linking neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus triggers conditioned response

Front 37

Stimulus generalization

Back 37

Tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

Front 38

Extinction

Back 38

Disappearance of a previously learned behavior when behavior is not reinforced

Front 39

Operant conditioning

Back 39

behavior is strengthened followed by reinforcement or diminished with punishment

Front 40

Reinforcement

Back 40

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 41

Primary reinforcers

Back 41

An innately reinforcing stimulus

Front 42

Secondary reinforcers

Back 42

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcers

Front 43

Positive reinforcement

Back 43

Something presented after a response

Front 44

Negative reinforcement

Back 44

Something removed after a response

Front 45

Partial reinforcement

Back 45

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Front 46

Observational learning

Back 46

Learning by observing others

Front 47

Memory

Back 47

The presistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 48

Encoding

Back 48

Processing information into memory system

Front 49

Storage

Back 49

Retention of encoded information over time

Front 50

Retrieval

Back 50

Process of getting information out of memory system

Front 51

Sensory memory

Back 51

Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in memory system

Front 52

Short term memory

Back 52

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Front 53

Chunking

Back 53

Organizing information into familiar, manageable units

Front 54

Long term memory

Back 54

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 55

Implicit memory

Back 55

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Front 56

Explicit memory

Back 56

Memory of fact and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Front 57

Recognition

Back 57

A measure of memory in which the person need only to identify items previously learned. For example multiple choice test

Front 58

Flashbulb memory

Back 58

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment / event

Front 59

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Back 59

Failure to retrieve a word from memory

Front 60

Misinformation effect

Back 60

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Front 61

Alzheimer's disease

Back 61

Progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age

Front 62

Clive Wearing

Back 62

Musicologist that suffers from anterograde amnesia. No short memory retention

Front 63

Consciousness

Back 63

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 64

Altered states of consciousness

Back 64

Different from a normal waking beta wave state

Front 65

Circadian rhythm

Back 65

Biological clock

Front 66

Rapid eye movement sleep

Back 66

Unique phase of mammalian sleep characterized by random eye movement, low muscle tone, and dreams

Front 67

Insomnia

Back 67

Insomnia reoccurring problem in falling or staying asleep

Front 68

Narcolepsy

Back 68

Sleep disorder, uncontrollable sleep attacks

Front 69

Sleep apnea

Back 69

Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep in repeated momentary awakenings

Front 70

Psychoactive drugs

Back 70

A chemical substance that alters perception and mood

Front 71

Drug abuse

Back 71

Habitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs

Front 72

Addiction

Back 72

Compulsive drug craving and use

Front 73

Psychological dependence

Back 73

Psychological need to use a drug

Front 74

Physical dependence

Back 74

Physical need to use a drug

Front 75

Withdrawal

Back 75

The discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Front 76

Tolerance

Back 76

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug

Front 77

Stimulant

Back 77

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions, example caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy

Front 78

Depressants

Back 78

Drugs that reduce neurological and slow body functions

Front 79

Opiates

Back 79

Opium and its derivatives, morphine / heroin

Front 80

Hallucinogens

Back 80

Psychedelic drugs, example LSD

Front 81

Hypnosis

Back 81

Social interaction in which one person is another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Front 82

Meditation

Back 82

Calming of one's self

Front 83

Recovery

Back 83

Return to a normal state of mind or strength

Front 84

Rehabilitation

Back 84

Act of restoring something to its original state