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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self Concept- Excistential self- Categorical self- Derived from |
how someone thinks, perceives or evaluates oneself= self aware- sense of being separate and distinct from others, this is a constant feeling (i.e. not temporary like tired)- identifying self by properties (age, gender, skills, careers comparisons etc)- Self esteem and self efficacy |
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Carl Rogers Self Concept-Self image-Self esteem- Ideal Self |
- whom we believe we are- how much value we place on ourselves, is higher when children are in a structured environment- who we wish to be |
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Social Identity Theory |
Social identity comprised ofPersonal Identity-Social Identity- |
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Self Efficacy- strong self efficacy- weak self efficacy |
- belief in ones capability for a specific goal- RISE- recover quickly from set backs, develop interests, strong sense of commitment, enjoy problems- FALL- focus on failings, avoid challenging tasks, lose confidence and lack belief in ability |
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Sources of Self Efficacy |
- mastery of experiences- social modeling- social persuasion- psychological responses |
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Relationship between self esteem and self efficacy |
- you can have a low self esteem with a high degree of self efficacy |
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Locus of Control- 2 types |
extent to which people perceive they have control over events in their life- can influence events and outcomes- attribute events to environmental traits or causes |
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DevelopmentFreudEricksonVygotskyKholberg |
age related changes that happen over the course of a life span-psychosexual development 5 stages focuses on childhood (personality)- psychosocial development theory occurs during 8 stages of entire lifespan (personality)- Sociocultural cognitive development- children learn actively through social interaction (cognition)- moral development theory, 3 stages each split in 2 based on right and wrong (cognition) |
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Freuds Psychosexual Theory of Development |
-life built around concept between tension and pleasure driven by id (desire for energy/love/sex) and superego results in egoOld Age Parents Love GrapesOral (0-1)- libido centered around mouth through feeding that develops trust (weeningAnal (1-3)- libido centered around anus in controlling bladder and bowel movements (potty training) develops into competencyPhalic (3-6)- libido centered around genitals, development of oedipus/electra complex (child's desire to have sexual relations with opposite sex parent) if fixation may lead to sexual dysfunctionLatent (6-12)- libido present but not centered around any organ rather social interactions and development of skillsGenitals (12 +)- libido centered around genitals develop sexual maturity and interests |
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Erickson Psychosocial Theory of Deveopment |
Emphasised the role of culture and society and personality development throughout life. Based on a conflict between individual and needs of society at each stage of development.Trust vs Mistrust (1)- development of hope if not met can lead to the development of suspicion/fearAutonomy vs Doubt (2)- development of independence if not met can lead to shame/doubt/low self esteemInitiative vs Guilt (3-5)- development of purpose if not met can lead to development of inadequacyIndustry vs Inferiority (6-12)- development of competenceIdentity vs Role Confusion (12-18)- development of fidelity to selfIntimacy vs Isolation (18-40)- development of loveGenerativity vs Stagnation (40-65)- development of care for the next generationIntegrity vs Despair (65+)- development of wisdom if lived a meaningful life |
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Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentMKOZPDLanguage |
- the role social interaction plays on development of their cognition.- Baby's have elementary mental functions (Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory)- Elementary Mental functions develop into higher mental functions through interaction with tutor or MKO (more knowledgable other; parents, teacher) leads to development of independence- Zone of proximal development (ZPD)- is the link between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help; area most sensitive to learning- Language is the primary means which the MKO transmits information also private speech (talk aloud to themselves) which is developed through social interactions leads to future thoughts |
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Kholdberg Moral Theory of Cognitive Development |
- Heinz dilemma- husband with dying wife cant afford expensive drug, steals drug- Pre-moral-- Obedience vs Punishment- (focus on self interests)-- Individualism & Exchange- recognize there is not just one right view- Conventional-- Good boy/girl- good in order to be seen as good by other people (focus on others and conformity)-- Maintaining social order of groups-- Post Conventional-- social contract- based on individual rights and justice for greater good may include breaking law-- Universal ethical principle- develop own set of moral guidelines and prepared to act on these principles |
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Social Influence on identity- individual- groups- culture and socialization |
- Individual--Imitation of an individual (can start very early on 12-21 days)--Roles of the individual- seek to match norms of the role. Stanford prison experiment- role of guard and inmates matched norms of expected role- Groups-- Reference Groups- referring to a group as a source of comparison and aspiration for decisions (looking to the AASLD on what is SOC).- Society impact on identity |
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Cooley and Mead |
- influence of others on how we view ourselvesCooley- everyone a person interacts with influences their identity looking glass self - socialization teaches us how to act, how we view ourselves and how we believe we are perceived by othersMead- only certain people and only certain periods of life can influence ones identity - development and balance of I (individual self) and Me (society expectation self) |
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Social Thinking |
the ways in which we view others and our environment, as well as how we interpret others’ behaviors |
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Attribution Theory |
How humans find explanations for the behavior of others, either internal/dispositional or external/situational, related to symbolic interactionism- people give meaning to symbols and events and interact with others based on their interpretations. |
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Covariation model of attribution |
consistency; if high likely internal/dispositionaldistinctiveness; if high likely external/situationalconsensus; if high likely external/situational |
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Fundamental attribution error |
more likely to attribute behavior of others to internal factors over external/situational |
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Actor observor bias |
more likely to attribute behavior of others to internal factors (fundamental attribution error) and more likely to attribute our own behavior to external factors |
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Role of culture in attribution process |
fundamental attribution error tends to occur more commonly in individualistic societies (Europe and US) vs collectivists cultures (Africa Asia) that put more emphasis on environmental |
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Self Serving Bias |
more common in indivualistic cultures, protects ones self self esteem, attribute our own success internally and our own failures externally. |
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Stereotype threat |
exposure to a negative stereotype surrounding a task can cause a decrease in the performance of the individual |
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Stereotyping vs Prejudice vs Discrimination |
-a overgeneralization, cognitive, negative thought-attaching an affect (emotion) to a stereotype-attaching a behavior to a prejudice |
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How self perceptions or environmental perceptions shape our opinion of others |
Self fulfilling prophecy- if we think the subway smells (stereotype), we might believe that you don't like the subway (prejudice) then you might avoid the subway (discrimination) which in turn will remove resources from the subway and make it smell more :) |
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Authoritarian Personality |
obedient, oppressive and inflexible; results in more susceptibility to prejudice; possible caused by very strict up-bringing and personality is a way to protect their self esteem by avoiding aspects of themselves |
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Emotion in Prejudice |
Scapegoating- taking frustration/aggression built from an external factor and applying it towards a different group of individuals who can not hurt them (frustration/aggression hypothesis) Relative Deprivation- |
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Cognition in Prejudice |
Relative Deprivation- if your expecting a certain level of X but only receive a lower level of X, you can build up frustration and anger which links to the frustration/aggression hypothesis and may lead to scapegoating |
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3 factors that may influence prejudice |
Power- groups with lots of power can stay in powerClass- people on the top might try to justify their position (just world phenomenon)Prestige- high prestige jobs often go to dominant groups |
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Stigma- Social stigma- Self stigma |
- the extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society.- internalization of social stigmas (somewhat like stereotype threat) and hurt ones own self esteem |
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Primacy BiasPrimacy Recency |
- "first impressions count"- first impressions tend to be long, tough to overcome and are often built upon- your most recent activity counts the most |
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The Halo Effect |
may over perceive qualities based on a high overall impression of someone alternatively the devil effect |
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Just World Hypothesis |
the cognitive bias (or assumption) that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequence, yet in reality overemphasis actor observor bias people try to justify the fallacy using rational or irrational (re-interpret event, denial) techniques |
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Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism |
judging other cultures based on the idea that your culture is superior (in-group favoritism and out group is neutral not favored) vs. there is no superior cultural (yet this can be over used, when a culture negative imposes on others) |
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in-group favoritismout-group derogation |
favorite your own group and have a neutral predesposition to out groupfavorite your own group and have a negative predesposition to out group (when fearful of outer group) |
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Group Polarization |
when the group's opinion shifts more extreme then that of the collective group |
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Status- achieved- ascribed |
social position in society, impacts the type of interaction you have (are you on the same status equals, vs professor student etc)- earned through efforts and choices- given to you at birth and do not change |
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Role- - Role Strain- Role Conflict- Role Exit |
functional position in society that impacts the way and who you interact with- conflicts amongst a single role (college student party vs study)- conflicts amongst different roles (brother vs. husband)- leaving a role (graduation student to doctor example) |
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Groups - Primary vs. Secondary- In Group vs out group- Group Size |
- adding more people to a small group harder for social interactions then adding one person to a large group.- typically a small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are marked by members' concern for one another, in shared activities and culture vs. usually short term and based on a specific purpose usually people are interchangeable- group you belong to vs group you don't belong to- dyads (easies to maintain), triads (harder) etc |
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Networks |
Sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other |
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Formal Organization- utilitarian- normative- coercive |
institutions designed for a collective goal and maximum efficiency- members paid for the efforts (businesses, universitites)- members come together by shared goals (MADD)- members are required to join highly structured and strict rules (prison, military) |
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Bureaucracy- ideal bureaucracy traits- iron rule of oligarchy- mcdonalidization- peter principle |
describes the rules, structure and ranking that guide organizations- a.k.a Weber Bureaucracy-hierarchical of labor and roles, delineated lines of authority, written rules a.k.a rational legal authority over traditions, values and emotions, neutral officials (impersonality) and career advancement by organization not individual- even the most democratic organization become more oligarch overtime- traits of fast food organizations (efficiency, consistency, etc) dominate traits in other areas- talented people get promoted and promoted until they reach a level of incompetence where they remain at that level because they can't go forward |
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Impression Management |
attempt to control how others perceive us; highly dependent on role and status |
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Dramaturgical approach |
GoffmanFront stage vs back stage |
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Attraction- proximity- physical attraction- similiarity |
-proximity is a powerful influence of relationships because increase the likelihood of meeting and mere exposure effect (because you are repeatedly exposed to a stimulus increases likability)- overall related to average look, color of background, scenario- we like people who like are like ourselves in personality and feature, can result in bias |
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Attachment- Harlow Monkey Experiments- secure vs insecure attachment |
- separate monkey from mother at birth, they can choose alternative fake mothers one that can provide food and one that can provide comfort, baby monkeys preferred comfort mother, comfort primary basis of attachment- Ainsworth- weird situation experements. Baby and mother in room (observe if baby feels comfortable exploring), mother leaves room (observe baby's response when it is noticed that the baby is gone), mother returns to the room (observe baby's response when mother is back)-- Secure- okay to explore when mother is there, angry when mother leaves, relieved when mother comes back-- insecure attachment- did not explore when mother was there, angry when mother left, NOT relieved when mother came back-- insecure vs secure attachment influences your relationships in adulthood (spouse) and as a parent |
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Aggression- biology- psychological- socio-cultural |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy- genes, brain structure (amygdala: fear response and aggressive behavior and frontal lobe: impulse control), testosterone concentration- frustration-aggression principle (frustration leads to aggression) and reinforcement-modeling - in groups (de-individuation), social scripts (instructions provided by society on how to act) |
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Altruism- kin selection- reciprocal altruism - cost signaling- empathy altruism |
- more likely to help others that are close to one - you help me i will help you- showing that you can help as a power- if you understand suffering more likely to help others-- this can start happening at a young age 2-4, signifying that there might be an internal motive |
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Social Support5 typesSocial support relationship with healthAwesome person |
- emotional support- affection, love, trust and caring - esteem support- support of confidence and encouragement- informational support- sharing advice - tangible support- financial assistance, material good and service (bank, parent loaning)- companionship- gives sense of social belonging- high levels of support increase livability - understanding the role of your support and the role you play in others support structure |
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Individual vs. institutional discrimination - side effect discrimination - past-in-present discrimination |
one person taking action against a group vs. an organization taking negative action against a group - if one institution discriminates against someone another separate institution is swayed - a discrimination from the past coming forward to the present |
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Diffusion |
the sociological spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another and often involves the spread of ideas across the globe |
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Foraging Behavior- solitary foraging- group foraging- how do the know how to forage |
need for food and survival vs. requires energy therefore want highest yield with lowest energy- animals look for food by themselves- look for food in groups - genetics and learning (modeling) |
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Mating behavior - random mating- assortative mating- dis-assortative mating |
-random mating- all equally likely to mate with each other (ensures genetic diversity)- assortative mating- nonrandom mating pattern in which individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern (enhances fittness and passes on recessive traits)- dis-assortative mating: nonrandom mating pattern in which individuals with differences mate more likely |
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Inclusive Fitness |
act in a positive (altruistic) way towards people that have similar traits then you to help their ability to pass on traits |
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Game Theory in Evolution |
study of decision making- strategy of each individual fits into as a group, predicts altruism in certain circumstances |
