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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between delusions and hallucinations?
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Hallucination- a false sensory experience that may suggest mental disorder. Hallucinations can have other causes, such as drugs or sensory isolation (e.g. hearing nonexistent voices or ‘seeing things’)
Delusion- an extreme disorder of thinking, involving persistent false beliefs. Delusions are the hallmark of paranoid disorders (e.g. if you think you are president of the U.S.) |
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Howdo we determine whether behavior/thinking is ‘abnormal’? (Hint: describe the fiveindicators of abnormality mentioned in the textbook
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Distress- does the individual show unusual or prolonged levels of uneaseor anxiety?-
Maladaptiveness-does the person regularly act in ways that make others fearful or thatinterfere with his or her well-being?- Unconventionality andundesirable behavior- does the person behave in ways that are statisticallyrare and violate social norms of what is legally or morally acceptable ordesirable? Irrationality- doesthe person act or talk in ways that are irrational or even incomprehensible toothers? Unpredictability-does the individual behave erratically and inconsistently at different times orfrom one situation to another, as if experiencing a loss of control |
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What is the main cause of major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern and how is this disorder treated? (p. 528)
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Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern- a form of depression believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight
- Researchers have developed a simple and effective therapy to regulate the hormone by exposing those with seasonal depression to bright artificial light daily. Therapists report that combining light therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy or antidepressants works even better |
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What are the key symptoms of mania?
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-Elation
-Euphoria -Desire for action –Hyperactive –Multiple ideas |
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What is the preparedness hypothesis?
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The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
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What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?
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Obsession- thoughts, images, or impulses that recur or persist despite aperson’s efforts to suppress them. (e.g. a person with an obsessive fear ofgerms may avoid using bathrooms outside his or her home or refuse to shakehands with strangers)
Compulsion- repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certainprivate “rules” in response to an obsession. People with OCD symptoms feel thattheir compulsive behavior will, somehow, reduce the tension associated withtheir obsessions |
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Distinguish between positive symptoms andnegative symptoms of schizophrenia
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Positive Symptoms -excess in functioning Examples: Hallucinations and delusions
Negative Symptoms- deficits in functioning Examples: Lack of initiative |
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What are the possible biological & psychosocial causes of schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia runs in families, and genetics clearly plays a role in the development of the disorder
- For those genetically at risk for schizophrenia, environmental stress seems to contribute to its development Diathesis‐stress hypothesis: a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event |
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MajorDepressive Disorder
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A severe form of depressive disorder in which depression is deep and significantly impairs the person’s functioning
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GeneralizedAnxiety Disorder (p. 530)
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A psychological problem characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
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Panic Disorder
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A disturbance marked by panic attacks that have no obvious connection with events in the person’s present experience. Unlike generalized anxiety disorder, the victim is usuallyfree of anxiety between panic attacks
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Schizophrenia
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A psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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What is the difference between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy?
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Psychological therapy- focus on changing disordered thoughts, feelings, and behaviors using psychological techniques
Biomedical therapy- focus on treating mental problems by changing the underlying biology of the brain, using a variety of drugs,including antidepressants, tranquilizers, and stimulants |
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What is the difference between behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic therapies? Be able to describe the main focus of each therapy.
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Cognitive therapy- emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic- the form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Sigmund Freud. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious Behavior therapy- any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning Humanistic therapy- treatment technique based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others |
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Analysis of Transference |
The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient’s relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past
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Which type of psychotherapy is most likely toincorporate the use of systematic desensitization? For which problems wouldsystematic desensitization most likely be used
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Behavior Therapy
Systematic desensitization- a behavioral therapy technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus Contingency management- an operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior |
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Know the five classes of psychotropic medications and the psychological symptoms and disorders for which they are used.
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*Stimulants-decrease hyperactivity, distractibility; increase attention, concentration(used for ADHD)
*Antianxietydrugs- temporary sedative, calming effect (used to reduce stress and suppressanxiety associated with everyday hassles) *Antipsychotics-diminish psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors (used for delusions,hallucinations, social withdrawal, and agitation) *Antidepressants-increased positive mood; reduce emotionality, impulsiveness and arousal *Mood-stabilizerdrugs- help even out moods, especially manic episodes |
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Which types of symptoms are effectively treated by antipsychotic medications? Which side effects do antipsychotic medications produce?
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Reduce positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior)
Side effects- tardive dyskinesia, seizures, lethargy |
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How do antidepressant medications work? Which neurotransmitters do they affect?
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Antidepressants-medicines that treat depression, usually by their effects on the serotoninand/or norepinephrine pathways in the brainIncreasesserotonin
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Know the most effective treatments for depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders (including phobia and panic disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia;
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-Depressivedisorders- cognitive behavior therapy is just as effective as antidepressantsso combination treatment is most effective
-Bipolardisorder- the mood stabilizer lithium is most effective -Phobia-cognitive behavioral therapy -Panicdisorder- cognitive behavioral therapy -OCD-cognitive restructuring to recognize that all people have intrusive thoughts -Schizophrenia-drug treatments work best |
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
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What is the difference between stress and stressor?
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Stress- the physical and mental response to a stressor
Stressor- a stressful event or situation |
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How do major life events and daily hassles differ from traumas and catastrophes?
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Traumatic stressor- a situation that threatens one’s physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror or helplessness
Catastrophic event- a sudden, violent calamity, either natural or manmade, that causes trauma Daily hassles- everyday situations that cause minor irritation or frustration Major life events- the greater the magnitude of readjustment required by life changes, the greater a person’s likelihood of future illness |
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What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale measure?
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Psychological rating scale designed to measure stress levels by attaching numerical values to common life changes.
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Knoweach phase of the general adaptation syndrome
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Stage 1: Alarm reaction -General arousal caused by increase of adrenal hormones –reaction of sympathetic nervous system - If stressor is not removed, organism moves to stage 2 Stage 2: Resistance Arousal subsides because of: -decrease in adrenal output –counter reaction of parasympatheticnervous system Stage 3: Exhaustion -General arousal of Stage 1 reappears -Powerful parasympathetic response opposes arousal -If stressor is not removed in time, death occurs |
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How does stress affect the immune system?
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- Short‐term stress boosts the immune system;chronic stress weakens it
• Stress alters the functions of the immune system •Psychoneuroimmunology: field in which the response of the body’s immune system to psychological variables is studied |
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Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease?
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Hostilityappears to be the main toxic ingredient in coronary heart disease.
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What is the link between control and stress?
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Perception of control is most important factor in buffering against stress
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What are the three components of hardiness?
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attitudeof resistance to stress, based on a sense of challenge (welcomingchange), commitment (engagement), and control(maintaining an internal guide for action)
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What are the key features of an optimistic thinking style?
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Ageneralized tendency to expect positive outcomes.
Failure= external, temporary, specific – Success = internal, permanent, global |
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What is the difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping?
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Problem-Focused Coping • confronting and controlling the problem.
Emotion-Focused Coping- not dealing with the problem. Controlling emotions • Increasing positive emotions • Shutting down and trying to deny or suppress the unpleasant thoughts and feelings |
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What does social support refer to?
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Thehelpful coping resources provided by friends and other people has therapeuticeffects on both our psychological and physical health.
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What is subjective well-being? What are the predictors of subjective well-being?
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One’shappiness, or life satisfaction, as measured by self‐report
Whatpredicts happiness? – Social relationships – Employment status – Physical andmental health |
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What is the relationship between wealth and subjective well-being?
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Perceptions of wealth are not absolute but relative to certain standards
• People use their own recent past as a basis of comparison. Wealth is not an indicator |
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Explain how chronic stress can produce disease
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Weakensthe immune system over time
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What are the three general ways of coping discussed in class? Why do they work? Under what situations might these coping strategies not be effective?
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Problem‐focused coping- In dealing with essential tasks, it is better to confront and control than to avoid.
• A beneficial strategy but not alwaysCan be physiologically taxing – Can lead to development of an over‐controlling, stress‐ inducing Type A pattern of behavior• Emotion‐focused coping - Concealing one’s innermost thoughts and feelings can be physiologically taxing. • Social support coping - The helpful coping resources provided by friends and other people has therapeutic effects on both our psychological and physical health. • Social support and contact related to longevity. |
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locus of control
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individuals’ expectations about our ability to influence the outcomes in our life
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psychoneuroimmunology
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field in which the response of the body’s immune system to psychological variables is studied
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Type A personality
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Personality traits characterized by competitiveness,achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatiencewith others, and an inability to relax
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Agoraphobia
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a fear of public places and open spaces, commonly accompanying panic disorder
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anxiety disorders
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mental problem characterized mainly byanxiety. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, generalized anxietydisorder, agoraphobia and specific phobias
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bipolar disorder
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a mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression
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dissociative identity disorder
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a condition in which an individual displays multiple identities or personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder
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specific phobias
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one of a group of anxiety disorderinvolving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
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