Psych Exam

Front 1

Psychology is

Back 1

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologist:

Back 2

Rely on the scientific method

Front 3

Study of how degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in brain might contribute to Multiple Sclerosis

Back 3

Behavioral neuroscience

Front 4

Development psychology:

Back 4

Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

Front 5

Evolutionary psychologists are especially interested in:

Back 5

How behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

Front 6

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Back 6

Identifying questions of interest

Front 7

What is the final step in scientific method?

Back 7

Communicating the findings

Front 8

What are theories?

Back 8

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

Front 9

What is research?

Back 9

The systemic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge

Front 10

Archival research

Back 10

Using a database of information or statistics as part of study

Front 11

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 11

The greater the number of bystanders or witnesses to an event that calls for helping behavior, the more responsibility for helping is perceived to be shared by all the bystanders

Front 12

Naturalistic observation

Back 12

Watching people in the natural habitat and recording what is seen without changing the situation

Front 13

Case study

Back 13

Using psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient

Front 14

Psychodynamic

Back 14

The belief that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

Front 15

One of the first American psychologist to advocate a behavioral approach to development

Back 15

Watson

Front 16

Main figures in Humanistic Psychology

Back 16

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Front 17

The idea that people's behaviour is produced by factors outside of their will full control

Back 17

Determinism

Front 18

Ethical research

Back 18

Begins with informed consent

Front 19

The use of animals in research has been strictly forbidden?

True or false

Back 19

False

Front 20

Anna Freud provided notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior?

True or false

Back 20

True

Front 21

Correlational research is primarily concerned with establishing a cause and effect relationship?

True or false

Back 21

false.

Two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they associated or correlated.

Front 22

The correlation coefficient is a number between 1 and -1 and tells us if there is a positive or negative relationship between the variables.

True or false

Back 22

true

Front 23

Gestalt technology

Back 23

emphasizes how perception is organized

Front 24

Humanistic therapist belief

Back 24

That all people have an inherent drive to reach their full potential

Front 25

In early years women were discouraged from becoming psychologists?

True or false

Back 25

True

Front 26

The cognitive perspective seeks to understand behavior solely through naturalistic observation.

True or false

Back 26

False.

Cognitive perspective compares human thinking to the workings of a computer.

Front 27

In a research study, what does the experimental group receive?

Back 27

The treatment

Front 28

The psychology that investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups

Back 28

Cross-cultural psychology

Front 29

The procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.

Back 29

Introspection

Front 30

The perspective that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions

Back 30

Neuroscience perspective

Front 31

The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy

Back 31

Sensation

Front 32

The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and interpretation of stimuli by the sense organs and brain

Back 32

Perception

Front 33

Sensation

Back 33

Involves the activation of sense receptors

Front 34

Perception

Back 34

Involves interpretation

Front 35

Psychophysics

Back 35

The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience

Front 36

Amplitude

Back 36

A feature of wave patterns that allow us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds

Front 37

How many basic types of taste are there?

Back 37

4-5

Front 38

Supertasters

Back 38

FInd sweets sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier

Front 39

Location of nerve receptors

Back 39

Unevenly distributed throughout the skin

Front 40

Synesthesia

Back 40

A condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one

Front 41

Gestalt laws of organization

Back 41

A series of principles that describe how e organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Front 42

Depth perception

Back 42

The ability to view the world in three dimension and to perceive distance

Front 43

Binocular disparity

Back 43

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye

Front 44

Extrasensory perception

Back 44

The perception that does not involve our known senses

Front 45

Length of a typical sleep cycle in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages

Back 45

90 minutes

Front 46

Stage 1 sleep

Back 46

State of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves

Front 47

Stage 3 sleep

Back 47

The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation

Front 48

How does brain wave change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep?

Back 48

The brain wave become slower

Front 49

Most people sleep how many hours?

Back 49

7-8

Front 50

Freud's theory of the function of dreams

Back 50

Unconscious wish fulfillment

Front 51

Dr. Brian Weiss believes dreams are what?

Back 51

memories from past lives

Front 52

Drugs that influence a persons emotion, perceptions, and behavior?

Back 52

Psychoactive

Front 53

Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that in some cases may be nearly irresistible?

Back 53

Addictive

Front 54

Psychological dependence

Back 54

People believe that they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living

Front 55

Learning

Back 55

A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience

Front 56

What occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears?

Back 56

Extinction

Front 57

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as

Back 57

Spontaneous recovery

Front 58

Stimulus generalization

Back 58

Process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

Front 59

Operant conditioning

Back 59

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Front 60

Most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning

Back 60

Skinner

Front 61

Shaping

Back 61

Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Front 62

Observational learning

Back 62

Learning complex skills through observing others behavior

Front 63

Models who are for behaving in a particular way are more likely to be imitated than those who are not.

Back 63

Rewarded

Front 64

Short-term memory

Back 64

Holds information for fifteen to twenty-five seconds and stores it according to its meaning

Front 65

Sperling's research indicated that information is stored in sensory memory for how long?

Back 65

less than a second

Front 66

If you want to remember a list of items where would you place the most important items in the list?

Back 66

Either at the beginning or the end of the list

Front 67

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 67

temporary inability to remember information that one is certain they know

Front 68

Retrieval cue stimulus

Back 68

a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is located in long-term memory by triggering associations

such as a feeling, smell,or sound

Front 69

Schema

Back 69

an organized body of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled

Front 70

Anterograde amnesia

Back 70

A loss of memory that occurs for events that follow an injury

Front 71

Ways of improving memory?

Back 71

-Use the keyword technique

-practice and rehearse

-rely on organization cues

Front 72

Procedural memory

Back 72

memory for skill and habits

Front 73

Engram

Back 73

The physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory

Front 74

Episodic memory

Back 74

Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

Front 75

Memory

Back 75

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

Front 76

Thorndike's law of effect

Back 76

Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas punished behaviors are less likely to be repeated

Front 77

Cognitive

Back 77

Branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes

Front 78

What are mental images?

Back 78

representations in the mind of an object or event

Front 79

Algorithm

Back 79

A rule that if applied appropriately guarantees a solution to a problem

Front 80

Elements of grammar

Back 80

Phonology, syntax, and semantics

Front 81

Universal grammars development requires...

Back 81

a language acquisition device

Front 82

Interactionist approach suggest...

Back 82

Language is produced through a combination of genetically determined predisposition and environmental circumstances that help teach language

Front 83

Crystallized intelligence

Back 83

accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience, and that they can apply in problem- solving situations

Front 84

Practical intelligence

Back 84

Ability to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately. Consequently tests of this type of intelligence measure the ability to employ broad principles in solving everyday problems.

Front 85

Mental retardation

Back 85

A disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior involving conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.

Front 86

Instinct

Back 86

The approach to motivation that suggests that inborn patterns of behavior are biologically determined rather than learned

Front 87

Thrill-seeking

Back 87

Rather than seeking to reduce and underlying drive, people and animals appear to be motivated to increase their overall level of stimulation and activity.

Front 88

Intrinsic motivation

Back 88

Causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us

Front 89

What need in Maslow's needs hierarchy has to be satisfied before attention is paid to the others?

Back 89

Self-esteem

Front 90

Weight set point

Back 90

The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain

Front 91

Need for power

Back 91

Motivation where one seeks to impact, control, or influence over others

Front 92

Emotions

Back 92

Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

Front 93

Important functions that emotions play in our lives

Back 93

Preparing us for action

shaping our future behavior

helping us interact more effectively with others

Front 94

Developmental psychology

Back 94

Studies of the patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life

Front 95

Similarities of twin raised in different environments reflect?

Back 95

The influence of nature on development

Front 96

Cross-sectional research

Back 96

Compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Front 97

Longitudinal research

Back 97

Traces the behavior and development of one or more participant as the participants' age

Front 98

Teratogen

Back 98

An environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

Front 99

Rooting reflex

Back 99

Causes neonates to turn their heads towards things that touch their cheek

Front 100

Babinski reflex

Back 100

An infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked

Front 101

Habituation

Back 101

A decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Front 102

Attachment

Back 102

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

Front 103

Personality

Back 103

Refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.

Front 104

psychodynamic (also called psychoanalysis)

Back 104

The belief that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control.

Front 105

The psychologist that are aligned with the psychodynamic perspective on personality

Back 105

Jung, Alfred, and Horney

Front 106

Unconcious personality

Back 106

The part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

Front 107

Preconscious

Back 107

Contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4.

Front 108

The id operates according to the _____ principle?

Back 108

Pleasure principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction.

Front 109

Ego

Back 109

The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.

Front 110

Superego

Back 110

Includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong.

Front 111

Psychosexual stage

Back 111

Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

Front 112

Identification

Back 112

The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.

Front 113

Archetypes

Back 113

Universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil).

Front 114

Psychoneuroimmunologist

Back 114

examining the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.

Front 115

Cataclysmic events

Back 115

Strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once

Front 116

Stress produces what consequences

Back 116

Biological and psychological

Front 117

In the psychology of health and stress, Hans Selye is associated with the study of

Back 117

The general adaptation syndrome

Front 118

Coping

Back 118

Efforts to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

Front 119

Emotion focused coping

Back 119

Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem like looking for sympathy

Front 120

Avoidant coping

Back 120

Use more direct escape routes, such as drug or alcohol useLeast effective

Front 121

Defense mechanism

Back 121

unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others

Front 122

learned helplessness

Back 122

Feeling like you don't have control over your life

Front 123

Resilience

Back 123

refers to the ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound adversity

Front 124

Type A

Back 124

behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven

Front 125

Insanity is what kind of term?

Back 125

Legal

Front 126

Medical perspective

Back 126

perspective on psychological disorders assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders

Front 127

Psychoanalytical perspective

Back 127

Primarily argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression

Front 128

The behavioral perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are:

Back 128

Learned responses

Front 129

The cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of:

Back 129

Maladaptive thoughts

Front 130

The humanistic perspective on psychological disorders is associated with the work of:

Back 130

Abraham Maslow

Front 131

Sociocultural perspective

Back 131

This perspective on psychological disorders assumes that people's normal and abnormal behavior is shaped by factors such as poverty and prejudice

Front 132

The results of Rosenhan's classic study illustrate that:

Back 132

Placing labels on individuals powerfully influences the way mental health workers perceive and interpret their actions

Front 133

Phonic disorder

Back 133

Major type of anxiety disorder

Front 134

Compulsion

Back 134

An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable

Front 135

Dissociative identity disorder

Back 135

a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities.

Front 136

Mania

Back 136

An extended state of intense, wild elation

Front 137

Bipolar disorder

Back 137

a disorder in which a person typically alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

Front 138

Psychotherapy

Back 138

Treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth

Front 139

Biomedical therapy

Back 139

Therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning

Front 140

Psychoanalysis

Back 140

Developed by Freud in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior

Front 141

Manifest

Back 141

The surface description of a dream

Front 142

Resistance

Back 142

Inability or unwillingness to discuss particular memories,thoughts, or motivations

Front 143

Behavioral approach

Back 143

Classical and operant conditioning principles are used to change people's behavior

Front 144

Systematic desensitization

Back 144

behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety

Front 145

Observational learning

Back 145

The process in which the behavior of other people is modeled to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties

Front 146

Cognitive treatment

Back 146

Teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional notions about the world and themselves

Front 147

Humanistic therapy

Back 147

is therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems.

Front 148

Antianxiety drugs

Back 148

Drugs that reduce the level of worry or tension a person experiences essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being

Front 149

Social Psychology

Back 149

The scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others

Front 150

Central route processing

Back 150

Occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion

Front 151

Peripheral route processing

Back 151

occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message

Front 152

A person who enjoys thinking, reflecting, and philosophizing is most likely to score high on a measure of the need for

Back 152

Cognition

Front 153

Cognitive dissonance

Back 153

The mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts

Front 154

Dispositional

Back 154

Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors

Front 155

Social influence

Back 155

is the process by which communal groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally

Front 156

Conformity

Back 156

a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people

Front 157

Status

Back 157

The social rank held within a group

Front 158

Groupthink

Back 158

Under groupthink members, lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view

Front 159

door-in-the-face

Back 159

someone makes a large request, expects it to be refused, and follows it with a smaller one.

Front 160

The classic "shock" study of obedience is associated with:

Back 160

Stanley Milgram