Psych Prelim 2

Front 1

learning

Back 1

a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience

Front 2

classical conditioning

Back 2

a type of learned response, a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response

Front 3

unconditioned response

Back 3

a response that does not have to be learned, a reflex

Front 4

unconditioned stimulus

Back 4

a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning

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conditioned stimulus

Back 5

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

Front 6

acquisition

Back 6

the gradual formation of an associated between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

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extinction

Back 7

a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

Front 8

spontaneous recover

Back 8

a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Front 9

stimulus generalization

Back 9

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Front 10

stimulus discrimination

Back 10

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 11

Rescorla-Wagner model

Back 11

a cognitive model of classical conditioning; it states that the strength of the CS-US associated is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising

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operant conditioning

Back 12

a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

Front 13

behavior modification

Back 13

the use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones

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latent learning

Back 14

learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement

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meme

Back 15

a unit of knowledge transmitted within a culture

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observational learning

Back 16

after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior

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vicarious learning

Back 17

learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action

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mirror neurons

Back 18

neurons that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs the action that was observed

Front 19

sensitization

Back 19

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus

Front 20

long term potentiation

Back 20

the strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated

Front 21

memory

Back 21

the nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge

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encoding

Back 22

the processing of information so that it can be stored

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sotrage

Back 23

the retention of encoded representations over time

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retrieval

Back 24

the act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed

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consolidation

Back 25

a process by which memories become lasting

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reconsolidation

Back 26

neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval

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parallel processing

Back 27

processing multiple types of information at the same time

Front 28

change blindness

Back 28

a failure to notice change in one's environment

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sensory memory

Back 29

stores info in close to its original sensory form

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serial position effect

Back 30

the ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation

Front 31

schemas

Back 31

cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, and use information

Front 32

retrieval cue

Back 32

anything that helps a person recall information stored in long term memory

Front 33

encoding specificity principle

Back 33

the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory

Front 34

mnemonics

Back 34

learning aids

Front 35

implicit memory

Back 35

unconscious memory

Front 36

explicit memory

Back 36

conscious memory

Front 37

declarative memory

Back 37

from explicit, memory that can be declared

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episodic memory

Back 38

memory for one's personal past experiences

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semantic memory

Back 39

memory for knowledge about the world

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procedural memory

Back 40

implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

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transience

Back 41

forgetting over time

Front 42

proactive interference

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when prior info inhibits the ability to remember new information

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retroactive interference

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when new info inhibits the ability to remember old info

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blocking

Back 44

the temporary inability to remember something that is known

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absentmindedness

Back 45

the inattentive or shallow encoding of events

Front 46

amnesia

Back 46

a deficit in long term memory (resulting from disease or brain damage)

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retrograde amnesia

Back 47

people lose past memories

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anterograde amnesia

Back 48

people lose the ability to form new memories

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persistence

Back 49

the continual recurrence of unwanted memories

Front 50

memory bias

Back 50

the changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

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flashbulb memories

Back 51

vivid episodic memories for when people first experienced something surprising

Front 52

source misattribution

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when people misremember the time, place, person, etc associated with a memory

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source amnesia

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when people can't remember where they encountered the information

Front 54

cryptomnesia

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a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, but hasn't

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suggestibility

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the development of biased memories from misleading information

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confabulation

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the unintended false recollection of episodic memory

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cognition

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mental activity

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analogical representations

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mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects; they are analogous to the objects

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symbolic representations

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words or ideas that are abstract; they don't correspond to the physical qualities of the object

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concept

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a mental representation that groups or categorizes object, events, or relations around common themes

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defining attribute model

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a way of thinking about concepts

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prototype model

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there is a best example

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exemplar model

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a representation is made up of all the members of the category

Front 64

deductive reasoning

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using general rules to draw conclusions about specific instances

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inductive reasoning

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using specific instances to draw conclusions about general rules

Front 66

heuristics

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shortcuts used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions

Front 67

framing

Back 67

the effect of presentation on how information is perceived

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availability heuristic

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making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

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representativeness heuristic

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placing a person in a category because they are similar to the prototype for that category

Front 70

fluid intelligence

Back 70

reflects the ability to process information, particularly in a novel or complex circumstance

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crystalized intelligence

Back 71

intelligence that reflects both the knowledge one acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge

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multiple intelligences

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the idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another

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emotional intelligence

Back 73

a form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage recognize, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action

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teratogens

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environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus

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dynamic systems theory

Back 75

the view that development is a self organizing process where new forms of behavior emerge through consistent interactions between a biological being and his or her cultural and environmental contexts

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synaptic pruning

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a process whereby the synaptic connections are preserved, and those that are not are lost

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sensitive periods

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time periods when specific skills develop most easily

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attachment

Back 78

a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

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secure attachment

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the infant is confident to play while the caregiver is there and ready to comfort in times of distress

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insecure attachment

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the infant avoids contact with the caregivers

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accommodation

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the process by which we create a new schema to include new info that otherwise would not fit into the schema

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object permanence

Back 82

the idea that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

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gender identity

Back 83

personal beliefs about whether one is male or female

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gender roles

Back 84

the characteristics associated because of cultural influence or learning

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gender schemas

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cognitive structures that reflect the perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors

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primary emotions

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emotions that are shared across cultures

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secondary emotions

Back 87

blends of primary emotions

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somatic markers

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bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences