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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four parts of the mental health continuum? Which parts require professional care? |
-Healthy -Reacting -Injured -Ill The first two parts require self-care and social support, and the last two parts require professional care. |
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What are the four goals of psych mental health treatment? |
-Identify illness -Decrease time of active illness -Stop progression or severity of co-occurrence, such as another mental illness or substance use disorder -Decrease the likelihood of a relapse |
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In order for someone to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, what five criteria must be met? |
-Disorder must cause significant interference in a person's life -Must not meet criteria for a more severe mental illness -Must be appropriate developmentally (all 4 year olds have mania, for example) -Time criteria must be met -Must not be due to a substance or general medical condition |
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How do DSM-IV and DSM-5 differ? |
DSM-5 no longer uses the multi-axial security system |
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What is the frontal lobe used for? One overarching and seven sub-categories. |
Thought processes. -Higher order thinking -Abstract reasoning -Motivation -Social judgement -Concentration -Insight -Voluntary motor ability |
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What is the parietal lobe used for? One overarching and three sub-categories. |
Sensory and motor. -Concept formation and abstraction -Body awareness -Receive and identify sensory information Not responsible for a lot of psych things. |
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What is the occipital lobe used for? One overarching and two subcategories. |
Vision. -Interprets visual images -Visual memories and association Not responsible for a lot of psych things. |
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What is the temporal lobe used for? One overarching and five subcategories. |
Auditory. -Major component of the limbic system -Short term memory -Judgement -Language and environment interpretation -Emotional expression |
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What are the five "F"s of the limbic system? |
Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and "sex" |
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What receptors does the limbic system contain a high concentration of? |
Dopamine |
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What is the fornix? |
Part of the limbic system that carries messages from the hippocampus to the thalamus. |
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What are the hippocampus and amygdala used for? |
Experience of emotion, regulation of emotion and memory, integration of sensory data |
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What is the basal ganglia's purpose? |
-Regulates and mediates motor activity -Involved in expression and regulation of emotion and cognition |
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Why is the basal ganglia notable? |
Contains the highest concentration of dopamine receptors in the brain |
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Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory? What happens with increased and decreased dopamine? |
Dopamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter, so it stimulates the brain, which makes people feel good. Increased = psychosis (schizophrenia and mania) Decreased = depression, motor impairment |
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Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory? What happens with increased and decreased norepinephrine? |
Norepinephrine can be either inhibitory or excitatory, meaning it stimulates and calms the brain, which leads to fight or flight response. Levels affect mood. Increased = mania, anxiety, schizophrenia Decreased = depression |
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Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory? What happens with increased and decreased serotonin? |
Serotonin is both excitatory and inhibitory. Increased = anxiety (in some) Decreased = depression, anxiety (in some) |
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What are the effects of serotonin? (x6) |
-Sleep regulation -Hunger -Mood -Pain perception -Aggression -Sexual behavior |
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What are the effects of norepinephrine? (2) |
-Stimulates fight or flight response -The level of norepinephrine in the brain affects mood |
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What are the effects of dopamine? (x4) |
-Helps control motor coordination and movement -Helps with motivation and judgement -Helps integrate emotions with thought -Leads to hormone release |
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Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory? What happens with increased and decreased levels? |
Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory. Decreased = Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases Increased = depression |
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What are the effects of acetylcholine? (x4) |
-Memory -Muscle movement/coordination -Mood regulation -Peripheral nervous system |
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Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory? What are the effects of increased and decreased GABA? |
GABA is inhibitory Increased = decreased anxiety Decreased = anxiety, schizophrenia and mania |
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What are the effects of GABA? (x2) |
-CALMS! -Decreases overall excitability of the brain |
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Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory? What happens with increased and decreased levels? |
Glutamate is excitatory. Increased levels = psychosis, neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease Decreased levels = agitation, memory loss, sleeplessness, low energy, insufficient adrenal function and depression |
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What are the effects of glutamate? (1) |
-Learning and memory |
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Where is CRH released from, and what pathway does it follow once released? |
Released from hypothalamus. Stimulates the pituitary, which leads to corticotropin release, which stimulates the adrenal glands, which results in cortisol secretion. |
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What happens if the CRH system is overactive? |
End up with depression and anxiety |
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What is PANDAS? |
OCD symptoms that develop after a strep infection |
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What is the term that denotes connection between the CNS and th eimmune system? |
Neuroimmunology |
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What enzyme is associated with emotion and arousal? |
Monoamine oxidase - breaks down the monoamines, which are associated with emotion and arousal |
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Describe the kindling hypothesis of neuroregulation? |
When someone's neurotransmitter system is dysregulated, they have low doses of stimulation constantly. Then as they have "flare ups," less stimulation is required to elicit these same responses, meaning they have more frequent and intense episodes as time goes on. |
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What disorder is the kindling hypothesis featured prominently in? |
Bipolar disorder |
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What group of people has the highest rate of suicide? |
Males age 75 and older |
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Who is more likely to attempt suicide? |
Females |
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Who is more likely to die from suicide? |
Males |
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What two groups are at particularly high risk for suicide? |
LGBTQI and veterans |
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What is the most common suicide method in females vs males? |
Females = poison Males = firearms |
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What are seven risk factors for suicide? |
Chronic mental illness Substance use and abuse Psychiatric diagnosis Past history of attempt Loss Monday Late spring or early summer |
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What biochemical marker is associated with suicide? |
Serotonin Low levels are found in the CSF and frontal cortex of those who are suicidal. |
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What are five psychobiological factors that might lead to suicide? |
Hopelessness Limited coping skills Impulsiveness Troubled emotional life Low threshold for emotional pain |
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What are the top two most common causes of suicide? |
Mental illness (#1) Drug or alcohol use |
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What are six protective factors of suicie? |
-Religious affiliation/beliefs -Reason for living -Marriage (sometimes) -Children in the home -Therapeutic contact -Psychotropic medications |
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What are three emotional markers we can use when indirectly assessing if someone is suicidal? |
-Ambivalence -Irritability -Depressed |
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What is an example of an overt and a covert verbal cue that might signal someone is suicidal? |
Overt - I wish I were dead Covert - I won't be a problem much longer |
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What is a primary intervention for suicide? |
This is the promotion of mental health, reduction of mental illness and decrease in the incidence of crisis. It features support, information and education to prevent suicide. It is practiced widely in schools, homes, churches, work, etc. |
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What is a secondary intervention for suicide? |
A secondary intervention is interrupting the intent of suicide through a therapeutic relationship. This relationship helps reaffirm hope in the patient, might include a pharmacological intervention, and helps the patient learn problem-solving skills. |
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What is a tertiary intervention for suicide? |
A tertiary intervention provides support to those who have experienced a crisis - it is for the circle of survivors of a person who completed a suicide. |
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What does the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety state? |
Says that unconscious unacceptable thoughts attempt to emerge into consciousness, which results in anxiety. |
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What does the behavioral theory of anxiety state? |
Says that all behaviors, including anxiety, are learned. |
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What does the cognitive theory of anxiety state? |
Says that anxiety is the result of distorted/faulty thinking patterns. |
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What is the limbic system? |
The emotional brain (five "f"s - feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, "sex") |
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How does the limbic system respond to anxiety? |
-Appraises the emotional stimuli -Initiates an emotional response -Stops the reactivity when it's time to stop being anxious |
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What three neurotransmitters are involved in anxiety, and how? |
-Serotonin - generally decreased levels (sometimes increased though!) -GABA - calms people down. When there isn't enough, it leads to more anxiety -Norepinephrine - increased levels are excitatory and cause anxiety |
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What are four endocrine disorders that could cause anxiety? |
Hyperthyroidism Hypoglycemia Pheochromocytoma Hypercortisolism |
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What are three metabolic disorders that could cause anxiety? |
Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia |
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What symptoms must be present for someone to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder? |
Three or more of the following for more days than not for the past six months: -Restlessness/keyed up/on edge -Easily fatigued -Difficulty concentrating -Irritability -Muscle tension -Sleep disturbances |
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What is the most common anxiety disorder in people over the age of 65? |
Generalized anxiety disorder |
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What are the health complications of GAD? |
-Poor cardiovascular health -Coronary heart disease -Elevated HR -Increased blood pressure/hypertension |
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What are the goals of non-pharmacologic management of GAD? |
Reduce anxiety Relax Improve coping Enhance self esteem Instill hope that things are going to get better |
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What four drugs can we use for the pharmacological management of GAD? |
-SNRIs -SSRIs -Buspirone (only for anxiety, not depression) -Benzodiazapenes, but the smallest dose for the shortest amount of time |
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What are the symptoms of panic disorder? |
Four or more of the following: -Palpitations -Sweating -Trembling -Shortness of breath -Choking -Chest pain -Abdominal distress -Dizzy -Chills -Numbness/tingling -Feelings of unreality -Fear of going crazy -Fear of dying |
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What is the difference between a panic attack and panic disorder? |
Panic disorder is recurring panic attacks that are unexpected - leads to a person changing their behavior in order to avoid having panic attacks in the future. |
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What is the underlying neurobiology of panic disorder? |
The amygdala and hypothalamus are triggered. There is not a lot of emphasis on neurotransmitters. |
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What are three non-pharm treatments for panic disorder? |
-Make the person feel safe -Cognitive behavioral therapy -Anxiety reducing techniques |
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What are pharmacological methods for managing panic disorders? |
SNRIs SSRIs Benzos |
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What is the characteristic of a phobia? |
It is out of proportion to the demands of the situation, and it cannot be alleviated with rational explanation. This leads to a maladaptive response that is persistent over time. |
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What parts of the brain are involved in phobias? |
Hyperactivation of the amygdala and insula (structures involved in negative emotional responses) |
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What are four non-pharm management techniques for phobias? |
-Exposure therapy -Psychoeducation -Cognitive therapy -Anxiety management |
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What drugs are used for management of specific phobias? |
SSRIs Benzos Typically psychotherapy works best |
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What is social anxiety disorder? |
Fear or anxiety about social situations, leading to avoidance of social situations. In children, may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging, shrinking, failure to speak. |
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What is the pharm. and non-pharm. treatment of social anxiety disorder? |
Pharm - SSRI/SNRI Non-pharm. - CBT |
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What is the underlying neurobiology of OCD? |
Abnormalities in serotonin and/or dopamine signaling. CSTC circuitry alterations. |
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What criteria must be met for a thought to be characterized as an obsession? |
Obsessions must be recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or distress. The person tries to ignore them, they are NOT simply thoughts about real-world stresses, and the person recognizes their own mind is making these things up (not thought insertion). |
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What criteria must be met for an action to be a compulsion? |
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are aimed at preventing some dreaded event or situation (but the act isn't at all attached to the situation they're trying to prevent). |
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How much time each day do obsessions and compulsions consume? |
More than 1 hour per day |
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What are four methods of non-pharm. management of OCD? |
CBT Systematic desensitization Exposure therapy Psychoeducation (?) |
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What are pharmacological treatment methods of OCD? |
-SSRIs -Clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressant) -Venlafaxine (less robust evidence for the effectiveness of this) |
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What is body dysmorphic disorder? |
Preoccupation with a non-existent or slight defect in physical appearance - person thinks about the defect for at least one hour per day. |
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What are effective psychiatric treatments for body dysmorphic disorder? |
CBT Psychopharmacology for underlying anxiety and mood symptoms NOT cosmetic surgery! |
