Psych Of Addiction, Exam 2

Front 1

What does Marijuana refer to?

Back 1

the leafy top portion of the plants, including the leaves and buds

Front 2

what does hashish refer to?

Back 2

made from the dust of the resin produced by the plant for protection from the sun & heat to maintain hydration

Front 3

where are the strongest stains grown?

Back 3

warmer climates because they produce greater amounts of resin which generally has stronger psychoactive effects

Front 4

When did American's start using cannabis as an all purpose medication?

Back 4

1800s
-following the lead of European physicians

Front 5

Was cannabis used recreationally during the 1800s?

Back 5

To a limited extent

Front 6

when were the first warnings fo the dangers of MJ use released?

Back 6

1926
-the statistics were often fabricated

Front 7

Harry Jacob Anslinger's War

Back 7

-assistant commissioner of prohibition
-successfully encouraged many states to restrict marijuana
-1930, 16 states had marijuana statutes
-1937, almost all did

Front 8

Anslinger's Marijuana Tax Act - 1937

Back 8

-did not BAN marijuana
-premitted medical use of marijuana
-physicians could prescribe after paying $1 for license
-other uses were banned with stiff penalties
-opened the door for stiffer penalties over the years

Front 9

True or False, in the 1960's some judges would give life in prison for marijuana usage

Back 9

True

Front 10

in the 1960s, what could a 2nd offense in Georgia result in?

Back 10

execution

Front 11

in 1970, what did Congress do regarding Cannabis

Back 11

the placed it into Schedule 1

Front 12

What are the methods of marijuana use?

Back 12

-ingested in food
-chew leaves
-inhalation

Front 13

when was the first chemical analysis of cannibis?

Back 13

1821

Front 14

How many chemical compounds are found in cannabis?

Back 14

400+
-60+ are unique to cannabis (cannabinoids)

Front 15

When was the principal psychoactive agent of cannabis identified? Where & what is it?

Back 15

1964
-Israel
-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Front 16

What other components of cannabis are biologically active and what do they modify?

Back 16

cannabidiol and cannabinol

-can modify THC effects
-tend not to be psychoactive by themselves

Front 17

What is the term for a cannabis plant with the highest levels of potency and what are its characteristics?

Back 17

Sinsemilla
10-30% THC
-seedless
-un-pollinated
-female plants

Front 18

What are the recorded THC levels in hash?

Back 18

Up to 60% THC

Front 19

what do the pharamcokinetics (absorption) depend on for cannabis?

Back 19

depends on the model of consumption

Front 20

Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation

Back 20

-absorption directly from lungs
-onset of action begins within minutes

Front 21

how long does it take for the peak blood plasma concentrations when cannabis is smoked?

Back 21

30-60 minutes

Front 22

how long do the effects of smoking marijuana last?

Back 22

2-4 hours

Front 23

what does smoking joints expose the lungs to?

Back 23

unfiltered tars, hydrocarbons & unknown contaminants

Front 24

What are the pharmacokinetics of oral intake of cannabis?

Back 24

-slower & less efficient
-peak plasma levels in 2-3 hours
-absorbed primarily through the GI tract
-high lasts longer (4-6 hours) but the individual must consume more for a comparable experience

Front 25

what does orally-consumed cannabis have to pass through before moving to the brain?

Back 25

the liver
-liver clears much of the THC so less makes it to the brain

Front 26

cannabinoids are soluble in what?

Back 26

lipid soluble
-meaning they are almost entirely insoluble in water
-leaves blood quickly but stores in fatty organs
(especially brain, lungs, kidney and liver)
-excreted slowly over days and metabolites for weeks

Front 27

does THC cross the placental barrier?

Back 27

yes

Front 28

what is THC primarily metabolized by?

Back 28

the liver

Front 29

what is THC excreted through?

Back 29

urine & feces
-approx 1/2 within several days, the remainder approx 1 week
**metabolites can remain in the body for 30 days (1 time) and remian in the urine for several weeks (chronic use)

Front 30

what is the mechanism of action for cannabis

Back 30

anandamide (sanskrit for Bliss)
-chemical appears to bind with the same receptors as cannabinoids
-effects of memory, movement, hunger and pain

Front 31

is the Nucleus Accumbens impacted by cannabis?

Back 31

Yes, but the effect is uch less than other drugs impacting this area (heroin, cocaine, meth)
-NA is related to pleasure

Front 32

what are the 2 new brain cannabinoid receptors recently identified?

Back 32

CB1 & CB2

-uniquely stimulated by THC
-CB1s located mostly in areas controlling memory, mood, cognition, motor system
-CB2s are most prevalent in immune system
**anandamine binds to these receptors

Front 33

where does THC increase blood flow?

Back 33

the cerebral cortex & deeper structures

Front 34

When do tolerance effects become more likely?

Back 34

following repeated administrations of THC & the dosage level of THC increases
-higher dose and greater period of use= higher likelihood

Front 35

Is there an agreement in the scientific community regarding cannabis dependance?

Back 35

no, there is evidence to suggest possible withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, sleep disturbance, nausea and restlessness

Front 36

physiological effects of cannabis

Back 36

-acute effects differ amongst users (intensity and duration)
-most common acute physiological effects:
-bloodshot eyes (vasodilation)
-pupil dilation
-increase in HR & BP
-decreased motor activity
decreased REM (higher doeses)
-drymouth & thirst
-fluctuating body temp
-hunger
-impaired short-term memory & attention
-decreased pain sensitivity
-less common include: headaches, nausea and dizziness

Front 37

long-term physiological effects of cannabis

Back 37

-data on long-term effects are spare and confused
Respiratory:
-mixed results
-proper lung function appears impaired but damage probably repairs with abstinence
-perhaps related to increase in tar in cannabis or method of inhalation
-confused studies because many cannabis users also smoke tobacco

Front 38

long-term physiological effects (cardiovascular system)

Back 38

individuals with compromised cardiovascular systems could conceivably have problems related to increased HR/BP

Front 39

long-term physiological effects (immunte system)

Back 39

-contradictory evidence
-can act as an immunosuppressant

Front 40

long-term physiological effects (reproductive system)

Back 40

-does disrupt the reproductive system in M/F (animal and human studies)
-decrease in sperm and sperm mobility
-non-ovulatory menstruation cycles

Front 41

fetal effects of cannabis

Back 41

-teratogenic effects are of concern
-cannabinoids cross the barrier between mother and the unborn
-current studies do not determine a high likelihood of major birth defects
-those effects detected are similar to those with cigarettes: premature birth, shorter body length, lower birth rate
-there have been associations with increased risk of developing certain childhood cancers, exhibiting tremors, incorrect startle responses, and altered visual responses
-by age 6, deficits in sustained attention
-by 10, more impulsive, hyperactive and deliquent

Front 42

behavioral effects of cannabis

Back 42

decreased psychomotor performance (dose related)
-relaxation & tranquility
-increased speech
-some experience more excitement
-keener senses
-decreased sensitivity to pain
-sexual behavior is variable

Front 43

cognitive effects of cannabis

Back 43

-short term memory impairments
-distorted perception of time
-attentional deficits
-long-term use: mixed results
--> possibility of enduring cognitive deficits remains possible with heavy, long term use

Front 44

emotional effects of cannabis

Back 44

-carefree & relaxed
-euphoric, content, happy & excited
-laughter
-intensity is correlated with dose
-anxiety & dysphoria also occur
-suspiciousness & paranoia

Front 45

psychosis and marijuana

Back 45

marijuana users were found to have a 40% higher chance of developing a psychotic disorder later in life, compared to non-users

Front 46

what is the therapeutic index for cannabis?

Back 46

(ED/LD) is high
-lethal dose has been estimated to be somewhere between 20,000 to 40,000 times the effective dose
-THC sensitive receptors are not found in the brain stem areas that control breathing

Front 47

what schedule is synthetic thc located in?

Back 47

Schedule III

Front 48

cachexia

Back 48

-physiologically "wasting away"
-associated with HIV infection & cancer
-cannabis helps because of the increasedeating
-stimulates appetite and therefore weight gain
-some empirical support but mostly anecdotal evidence

Front 49

glaucoma

Back 49

generic term referring to ocular disease involving increases in ocular pressure
-pressure damages the optic nerve
-represents the leading cause of blindness in the US
-cannabis decreases intraocular pressure

Front 50

what are 2 legal prescriptions for "cannabis drugs"

Back 50

marinol
(thc in sesame oil)

cesamet
(synthetic thc)

-shown to be clinically effective as anti-nausea treatments
-reactions vary considerably with some reports of dysphoria using the synthetic version

Front 51

Treatment for Cannabis "Addiction"

Back 51

-outpatient treatment is the norm
-group treatment is more common than individual treatment
-Evidenced-Base Treatment: CBT, Behavioral, Motivational, Interviewing, Relapse Prevention
-intense but brief interventions

Front 52

coca bush, coca tree

Back 52

low shrub with leaves containing powerful stimulant
-indigenous to south america
-used for centuries by Native tribes in that region, including Incas

Front 53

When did researchers isolate the potent quality of coca and what was it?

Back 53

1850s
-cocaine

-thus beginning its spread throughout Europe

Front 54

how is cocaine extracted?

Back 54

cocaine is extracted from the leaves resulting in a paste of ~80% cocaine
-paste + hydrochloric acid=cocaine hydrochloride (which is a salt)
----now it is water soluble and can be taking orally, intranasally and IV
-cocaine hydrochloride is not smoked because the heat breaks down the compound
-cocaine hydrochloride + ether (highly flammable) or alkaline solution of baking soda = crack/rock cocaine
--->can now be smoked

Front 55

who was the 1st documented case of cocaine addiction in Europe?

Back 55

Ernst von Fleischl-Marox
-Freud's friend being treated for morphine addiction and chronic pain
-prescribed cocaine and became severely addicted
-had paranoid delusions & formication syndrome (bugs in skin)

Front 56

when did the cocaine epidemic begin?

Back 56

-1880s
-cocaine became readily available over the counter in patent medicines with no prescription as well as prescription drugs

Front 57

When did cocaine become a controlled substance?

Back 57

1914 Harrison Narcotics Act
-US saw a decrease in popularity and use

Front 58

when did freebasing of cocaine emerge?

Back 58

late 1970s
-freebasing refers to heating the rocks and smoking the vapors
-highly potent so a smaller amount (single dose) could be sold at one time and appear cheaper overall
-high comes on fast and lasts 10-20 minutes

Front 59

Cocaine and the 1980s

Back 59

crack ether replace with baking soda procedure, making it safer and easeir to produce

-prices drop and sales increase dramatically
-dependance on cocaine once viewed as a minor health problem, suddenly seen as a major societal catastrophe
-accounts for more ER visits than any other illegal drug

Front 60

Anti-Drug Abuse laws in the late 1980s

Back 60

-more punitive of crack posession than powdered cocaine
-controversy due to disproportionately affecting young male african americans

Front 61

Fair Sentencing Act 2010 (crack vs powder)

Back 61

recognized the discrepancies in arrests an eliminated minimum sentencing requirements for small amount of crack

Front 62

what is the intensity and duration of a cocaine high dependent on?

Back 62

administration method
-orally has a slower onset, slower and lower peak than other methods
-intranasal--> absorption properties similar to oral administration
*both oral and nasal require 10-15 minutes for drug action to begin
-intravenous has intense effects within 30 seconds
-inhalation of crack cocaine is even faster
-cocaine metabolizes more quickly than other stimulants (effects dissipate in about 20-80 minutes after administration)

Front 63

Pregnancy and Cocaine

Back 63

-higher rates of spontaneous abortion, fetal death, premature labor/birth
-lower birth weight/length
-more likely to die in infancy
-generally do not appear to perform worse than comparison groups on intellectual tasks
(neurological damage and learning disabilities)
-issues of deprived environment, neglect may be the real problem

Front 64

The Harrison Narcotics Act (1914) decreased cocaine use and increased.....

Back 64

amphetamine use

Front 65

when were amphetamines 1st synthesized?

Back 65

Germany 1887

Front 66

What are some examples of amphetamines?

Back 66

levoamphetamine

dextroamphetamine

methamphetamine

Front 67

when were the first medical applications for amphetamines developed?

Back 67

1920s
-cold, sinus,breathing problems, anti-depressant, narcolepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders
-used in WW2 by Allied & Axis forces for stimulant properties

Front 68

When did amphetamines become popular in the US?

Back 68

when physicians began prescribing methamphetamine to treat heroin addiction

-resulted in an explosion of abuse during 1960s
--especially injection

Front 69

Controlled Substance Act of 1970

Back 69

implemented due to the abuse of methamphetamines in the 60s

Front 70

where were methamphetamines first synthesized?

Back 70

Japan 1919
-1980s seen as a bikerdrug
-popularity rose during the 1990s, appearing on the West Coast and Hawaii

Front 71

1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act

Back 71

increased penalties for manufacturing and trafficking meth

Front 72

2006 Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act

Back 72

limited sale of pseudophedrine and ephedrine

Front 73

Bath Salts

Back 73

-mephedrone, methylone & methylendiopyrovalerone
-amphetamine-like stimulants
-rarely seen in the US prior to 2009
appeared in products called "bath salts" or "plant food"
-spread to Europe and became the #1 club drugs in 2009
-large number of ER visits and overdose deaths

Front 74

When was Mephedrone first syntehsized?

Back 74

(Bath Salts)
1920s
-not used until 2000s in Israel as an insecticide

Front 75

how are bath salts used?

Back 75

-sometimes taken orally
--more often intranasal or IV
-high doses associated with acute psychotic features, paranoia and death
-acute toxicity leads to panic attacks, paranoia, hallucinations, hostility, self-mutilation, trachycardia and elevated BP

Front 76

When were bathsalts banned?

Back 76

Banned by the DEA in 2011
-all 3 were placed on "emergency schedule 1 status"
-2012 Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act--> mephedrone & MDPV were both included

Front 77

Are stimulants all taken the same way?

Back 77

no they are all administered and absorbed in a variety of ways
-all readily absorbed orally

Front 78

intranasal absorption of stimulants

Back 78

absorption is similar to oral absorbtion
-both take 10-15 minutes for drug action to begin

Front 79

how long does it take for drug action to begin with IV administration of a stimulant?

Back 79

within 30 seconds

Front 80

What is the fasted form of administration for stimulants?

Back 80

freebasing

Front 81

what is the primary difference between cocaine and amphetamines?

Back 81

duration of action
-cocaine is metabolized rapidly, most effects dissipate 20-80 minutes after administration

-amphetamines are much longer lasting
-effects last 4-12 hours
-their metabolites are also detectable in urine for 2-3 days

Front 82

How do stimulants effect the brain?

Back 82

through complex actions on monoamine neurotransmitters
-dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin
-cocaine and amphetamines block reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
-Ritaline also increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine

Front 83

what are the initial effects of stimulants?

Back 83

-increased activity in neural pathways that are sensitive to monamines
-powerful reinforcing properties of cocaine and methamphetamine

-thought to stem from their action on dopamine containing neurons in mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
-this is the area thought to mediate reward
-

Front 84

acute physiological effects of stimulants

Back 84

-sympathomimetic drugs
-they stimulate or mimic activity in the sympathetic branch of the ANS
-elevated HR, BP, respiratory rate & sweating
-blood flow decrease to internal organs and extremities
-blood flow increases to large muscle groups and the brain
-works as an appetite suppressant as well

Front 85

behavioral effects of stimulants

Back 85

moderate doses produce sense of elation and mood elevation, increased talkativeness and sociability, insomnia, sexual interest, and often causes erectile dysfunction
-enhances physical endurance, redues fatigue
-speeds up performance on some types of cognitive performance

Front 86

stimulant effects (in HIGH doses)

Back 86

-can lead to psychotic states
-paranoid delusions
-compulsive stereotyped behavior
-hallucinations
-stimulant psychosis can be treated like other psychotic disorders

Front 87

Theraputic Index for Stimulants

Back 87

-high risk of overdose
-difficult to specify lethal doses
-death has occured with as little as 20mg of a local anesthetic
-when greater amounts are taken, there are other possible.plausible consequences that can lead to death (convulsions, seizures, respiratory collapse, myocardial infarction & stroke)
-depression is very common in with

Front 88

chronic use of cocaine results in what?

Back 88

a tolerance to cocaine

Front 89

what is acute tolerance?

Back 89

-higher dose required on 2nd use of cocaine in order to obtain the same effect
-appears to dissipate rapidly (within 24 hours)

Front 90

long-term/protracted tolerance

Back 90

studies involving cocaine and amphetamimes are inconsistent
-possible reverse tolerance or sensitization following repeated administration
-increased sensitivity to the drug with repeated use

Front 91

how dramatic is the withdrawal from stimulants?

Back 91

-no dramatic signs of withdrawal
-withdrawal is not life threatening physical symptoms

Front 92

what are the primary symptoms of withdrawing from cocaine?

Back 92

depression
anxiety
changes in appetite
sleep disturbances
craving

Front 93

what are the stages of stimulant withdrawal

Back 93

-several days of severe cravings and exhaustion, alternating between agitation and depression
-increased sleep and food intake (especially with methamphetamines)
-cravings last for weeks
-experience moderate to sever depression
-inability to experience normal pleasure
(may continue for months to even years)
-extinction phase-where repeated exposure to cues in environment lead to greater cravings which eventually extinguish due to witholding of reinforcement

Front 94

when did children first begin to get treated with amphetamines?

Back 94

1937

Front 95

What stimulants are used on children?

Back 95

methylphenidate
(concerta, ritalin, daytrana)
or
amphetamines
(adderal, vyvanse)

Front 96

what are physical side effects of amphetamines given to children?

Back 96

insomnia, loss of appetite, weight loss, growth delays

Front 97

is there any medication to help cocaine users stop using or maintain abstinence?

Back 97

nope

Front 98

What are some treatments for stimulant addiction?

Back 98

cognitive behavioral therapy
-12 step program
-contingency management program (very expensive)

Front 99

what are some examples of opiates?

Back 99

opium
morphine
heroine
(a variety of other organic and synthetic opiate medications)

Front 100

what is the process of extracting opium?

Back 100

Process:
-Flower blooms and peddles fall off, leaving a round seedpod the size of an egg
-This is sliced open, to secrete a milky white sap
-After drying, it forms a thick, gummy, brown substance called opium

-->Consumed orally or by smoking it

Front 101

who used opium in ancient history?

Back 101

Sumerians
Assyrians
Egyptians
Greeks
Romans

Front 102

Since it's discovery, what has opium been primarily used for?

Back 102

analgesic purposes

Front 103

Does the Koran ban opium?

Back 103

No, it bans alcohol & some other drugs but not opium

Front 104

how did opium get to india and china?

Back 104

9th century Arab traders spread the use of opium to India and China
-the practice of smoking opium began
-dependence was first observed at the same time

Front 105

when were the first edicts against opium released?

Back 105

1729
due to the increasing population becoming addicted to opium

Front 106

what led up to the Opium Wars between the British and the Chinese in the middle of the 19th century?

Back 106

British continuing to import product into China despite the ban

Front 107

What is morphine and when was it synthesized?

Back 107

-its the major active chemical in opium
-10 times more potent than crude opium
-became widely available in the mid 1800s

Front 108

What wast the first war in which morphine was used?

Back 108

the Civil War
-led to heavy abuse afterwards therefore termed the "solider disease"

Front 109

What is Diacetylmorphine?

Back 109

an alteration of morphine created in Britain in 1847
-unnoticed until 1898 when German's rediscovered the compound finding it twice as potent as morphine
-->they called it Heroin

Front 110

what was Heroin originally used for?

Back 110

a cough suppressant and pain reliever

Front 111

which is more addictive?
Heroin or morphine?

Back 111

Heroin

Front 112

1914 Harrison Narcotics Act

Back 112

-did not outlaw opiates
-placed opiate use in the hands of physicians

Front 113

Before the Harrison Act who were the main consumers of opiates?

Back 113

it crossed all social classes
-after the Harrison Act it was mainly used by young, poor, uneducated males

Front 114

how are opiates absorbed?

Back 114

GI tract
nasal mucosa
lungs
intramuscularly
subcataneously
IV

Front 115

where does opium collect?

Back 115

it accumulates in the kidney, lungs, liver, spleen, digestive tract, muscles and brain

Front 116

does morphine penetrate the BB barrier?

Back 116

-only a small amount

Front 117

does heroin cross the BB barrier?

Back 117

yes because it is lipid soluble
-once in the brain, heroin is converted into morphine

Front 118

where are opiates metabolized?

Back 118

in the liver and excreted by the kidneys

Front 119

how rapid is the excretion of opiates?

Back 119

fairly rapid
-90% within 1 day
-traces remain for 2-4 days

Front 120

what do opiates act on?

Back 120

endorphins
-all opiates appear to trigger activity within the brain's endorphin system
(primarily associated with pain relief and pleasure)

Front 121

what do opiate drugs mimic?

Back 121

endorphin activity in the brain by stimulating endorphin receptors in the brain

Front 122

when are endorphins released?

Back 122

following certain kinds of pain or stress
-battlefields or sporting events
-people continue on even though they are hurt

Front 123

what are the three main opiate/endorphin receptors?

Back 123

mu
kappa
delta

Front 124

mu

Back 124

widely distributed in the brain & spinal cord
-resulting in analgesia, positive reinforcement, cardiovascular and respiratory depression, cough control, nausea, vomiting & the brain stem

Front 125

delta

Back 125

more restricted than mu in areas like the substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, olfactory areas etc

Front 126

kappa

Back 126

have distinct and limited distribution in sub-cortex areas regulating bodily functions like water balance, temp control and neuroendocrine function

Front 127

kappa

Back 127

have distinct and limited distribution in subcortex areas regulating bodily functions like water balance, temperature control, neuroendocrine function

Front 128

how are the hormonal systems of men and women affected by opiates

Back 128

decrease in testosterone
delayed periods in women

Front 129

what are the acute effects of opium?

Back 129

euphoria
drowsiness
body warmth
heavy feeling
slurred speech
poor coordination
suppressed cough
pinpoint pupils
constipation
impaired social interactions
cognitive function impaired
respiratory depression
nausea

Front 130

does opiate use also interfere with cognitive functioning?

Back 130

yes, learning and memory

Front 131

what happens when a high dose of heroin is fatal?

Back 131

immediate cause is usually respiratory failure

Front 132

how high is the lethal dose for opiates?

Back 132

-caused by interactions between opiates and alcohol as well as some other depressants
-synergy between depressant drugs and prescription opiates is dangerous as well.

Front 133

opiate

Back 133

organic substance derived from the poppy plant

Front 134

opioid

Back 134

synthetic opiates (man-made)

Front 135

what are the medical uses of opiates?

Back 135

analgesic/pain relieving effects
-remains the most potent and selective pain reliever known to medicine
-opiate pain relievers eliminate pain without causing unconsciousness

Front 136

what is Fentanyl?

Back 136

a synthetic opioid drug
-100x more potent than morphine
-used as a pain killer

Front 137

oxycontin

Back 137

designed and marketed for patients with chronic pain
-associated with high abuse and addiction
-should only be prescribed with sever pain and preferably short-term
-reformulated to prevent individuals from crushing and snorting/injecting

Front 138

what effects do opiates have other than analgesic purposes?

Back 138

-constipating effect, can be used to treat diarrea
-used to treat coughs

Front 139

can someone have a tolerance for opium?

Back 139

opiate effects generally diminish unless user increases dose
-demonstrated in lab studies with humans and non-human primates

Front 140

dependance on opium

Back 140

initial continued use may be the result of seeking out the initial reinforcement
-abusers frequently report that continued use never makes them feel nearly as high as before
-some users continue to use simply to avoid the unpleasant symptoms of abstinence
** continued use negatively reinforces the behavior

Front 141

when do withdrawal symptoms generally appear

Back 141

8-12 hours after last dose

Front 142

what are the withdrawal symptoms of opiates?

Back 142

flu-like symptoms
-runny nose
tearing
sweating
irritability
tremors
--->symptoms get more sever over time and others appear:
pupil dilation, anorexia, and goosebumps

Front 143

When do withdrawal symptoms for opiates peak?

Back 143

48-72 hours
-BP & HR increase
severe flu symptoms start including nausea, diarrhea, sneezing, excessive sweating & "pain in the bones"

Front 144

are psychological factors related to the dependance and relapse regarding opiates?

Back 144

yes, there is very strong evidence of psychological factors
-ex: many vietnam vets were expected to relapse after the war but only 15% relapses.

Front 145

what is the treatment for opiate addiction?

Back 145

a suitable dose of any opiate can alleviate withdrawal symptoms
-detoxification programs exploit this by administering the synthetic opioid drug methadone

Front 146

methadone

Back 146

-opiate agonist (activates opiate receptors)
-higher doses inhibit the euphoric effects of other opiates
-longer half-life than heroin
-taken orally in outpatient treatment
-rates of abuse remain high (overdose possible)

Front 147

harm reduction

Back 147

refers to substituting a less harmful behavior for a more harmful one (ie methadone addiction in place of a heroin addiction)

Front 148

how long do people stay on methadone?

Back 148

some people maintain on methadone indefinitely

Front 149

what happens to 90% of people who go through similar detoxification programs for opiates?

Back 149

they relapse within 2 years of leaving the hospital
-most of those within 6 months

Front 150

naloxone

Back 150

morphine molecule slightly modified in the 1960s
-modified molecule no longer produces the standard effects of morphine
-it blocks the effects of opiates on the brain (ie opiate antagonist)
-it gives heroin no effect
-can also be used for opiate overdose

Front 151

vivitrol

Back 151

-injectable opiate antagonist
-keeps people from experiencing the high of opiates
-for use after complete detoxification
-can cause opiate overdose

Front 152

synesthesia

Back 152

sensory "crossing" sometimes caused by hallucinogenic compounds (seeing smells or sounds)

Front 153

hallucination

Back 153

sensory experience that does not come from external stimuli

Front 154

illusion

Back 154

mistaken perception of an external stimulus

Front 155

delusion

Back 155

fixed, false belief that is immune to reason or powerful evidence

Front 156

what are the four categories of hallucinogens?

Back 156

1. serotonergic hallucinogens (LSD)
2. methylated amphetamines (ecstacy)
3. anticholinergic (belladona & jimsonweed)
4. dissociative anesthetics (PCP)

and Salvinorin (Saliva)

Front 157

LSD

Back 157

-prototypical serotonergic hallucinogen
-found in a variety of plants in Central & South American as well as Africa

Front 158

When did psychedelics influence American/European culture?

Back 158

virtually no impact until the 1960s