Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality |
Characteristics, emotional responses and ways in which individuals responds to the environment; differ across individuals and are relatively consistent across time. |
|
Developmental theories of personality |
Attachment (how does the bond with your primary caregiver impact) Freudian Social Learning |
|
Trait |
Characteristic and stable pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior. Building blocks of personality - structuralist notion. |
|
Traits - Big 5 OCEAN |
Openness to experience - How much of a risk taker Conscientiousness - How responsible, organized Extraversion - Socialness Agreeableness - Kind, thoughtful, trusting Neuroticism - Anxiety, worrier, insecure |
|
Theory of Temperamentum |
Black bile: Melancholy/sad Yellow bile: Choleric/angry Phlegm: Phlegmatic/lethargic Blood: Sanguine/Cheerful |
|
Temperament |
Differences in emotional responding |
|
Stable Temperament |
When measured in womb: predict parent reports at 3 months, observations at age 4, and peer and teacher reports at 8 and beyond (though can also change, inhibited can and do sometimes become uninhibited) |
|
Eysenrick |
Differences in extraversion and introversion due to arousability - also thought to be a primary factor in temperament |
|
Extraverts |
Low arousability, so they seek external stimulation |
|
Introverts |
Higher arousability, so they avoid external stimulation. |
|
Gray: Differences due to behavioral Inhibition system and behavioral activation system |
Extraverts BAS > BIS More sensitive to rewards than punishmentIntroverts BIS > BAS More sensitive to punishment than rewards (use positive punishment) |
|
Big 5: genetic basis |
Not just extraversion that’s heritable, actually all Big 5 traits appear to be heritable Identical twins more similar than fraternal twins on all Big 5 dimensions |
|
Attachement Theory |
Bonds between infant and caregiver will influence the individual’s interaction with others throughout the lifespan |
|
Avoidant |
Dismissive of relationships |
|
Secure |
Comfortable with relationships, easily formed |
|
Anxious ambivalent |
Want relationships but insecure |
|
Developmental focus |
Personality will be determined by how child passes through early psychosexual stages. Fixations occur when under stress regress to problematic area. |
|
Oral |
Gains sensual gratification through mouth |
|
Anal |
Toilet training important Adult may be compulsively neat and precise |
|
Phallic |
Oedipal or Electra complex (fixation on opposite sex parent) gives way to identification with same sex parent Adult may not be comfortable in sex role |
|
Unconscious motives |
ego, id, superego |
|
Ego |
Decision making, reality, conscious |
|
Id |
Primitive, pleasure, unconscious |
|
Superego |
Moral, social, somewhat conscious |
|
Conflicts of Id, Ego, Superego |
- repression (repress thoughts) - rationalization (creating excuses justify behavior) - projection (attributing own state to another) - displacement (diversion of state to another target) - reaction formation (exaggerated opposite way) - sublimation (redirecting motive towards more desirable social ends) |
|
Modeling |
Children will imitate the behaviors (aggressive, sex-typed, etc) of adults or peers that they like or that they see rewarded |
|
Locus of control |
The extent to which believe influential forces lie within or outside the individual |
|
Self-efficacy: |
Beliefs about self’s ability and competence. Can be domain specific High self-efficacy may lead to greater persistence on challenging tasks |
|
Self-actualizing motive |
The process by which people strive to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding (top of Maslow’s Pyramid) |
|
Humanistic Theory on what shapes personality |
Ideal self Ought self Actual self Person is always trying to bring the actual self into congruence with the other two |
|
Ideal self |
Which one hopes to be |
|
Ought self |
Who one thinks one should be Ideal-ought incongruity can lead to anxiety |
|
Actual self |
What one is right now Ideal-actual incongruity can lead to depression |
|
Situationism |
The theory that situations determine behavior at any specific time point more than traits |
|
Strong vs weak situations |
Strong situations are those most likely to determine behavior (funeral, job interview, classroom, etc) whereas personality can predict behavior in a weak situation (parties, parks, dorm rooms, etc) |
|
Interactionism |
The theory that behavior is jointly determined by underlying dispositions and by situations |
|
Social Psychology |
The brain of the individual Basic capacities What makes individuals individual Social learning, misinformation, theory of mind, role of attachment |
|
Triplett (1898) discovered the social facilitation effect |
Bikers faster if others are on the track Did an experiment with fishing reels - the presence of others made the kids go faster |
|
Pepsin found sometimes “Social inhibition” |
Essay writing task, people were slower when others were around |
|
Zajonc’s Solution |
If easy or well-practiced task - facilitation If hard or new task - inhibition |
|
Conformity |
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure Asch’s line length study |
|
Cohesiveness (Conformity) |
Liking for a group increase conformity - normative |
|
Normative influence (Conformity) |
We want to be liked, will do what it takes to get along |
|
Group size (Conformity) |
Increasing numbers increases conformity |
|
Informational influence |
We want to be right, when situation is ambiguous, we look to others for right answer |
|
People follow orders |
Milligram's pain study Hofling (1966) nurse study Obedience dropped to less than 10% when another person said no. Probably through informational influence, seeing another person refuse made participant realize it was ok to disobey |
|
Attitudes |
the study of likes and dislikes |
|
Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory |
When our thoughts and actions are inconsistent, we become uncomfortable - feel dissonance |
|
Bem’sself-perception theory |
Wesay we like whatever follows our behavior In hazing when people are really mean to you,you become MORE attached and loyal to them (“wowI went through so much to join this group…I must care about it A LOT”) |
|
Aronson’s“harsh initiation” effect |
We value groups we need to work hard to belongto, presumably because of consistency/self-perception processes Women who went through the harsh initiationgroup wanted to come back so badly, while the women in the less harsh groupthought it was boring and were not planning on coming back. |
|
Cialdini’s work on compliance (or, what to dowhen you want stuff, and why it works) |
Foot in the door: large requests are grantedmore often if preceded by a small request (want to be consistent) Door in the face: small requests are grantedmore often if first get a refusal of a large request (want to be liked) |
|
Abnormal Psychology |
What is “abnormal” differs across cultures andacross times in history (e.g. Great Depression, no one threw away anything –now we call that the disorder of “hoarding”) – the inability and fear to throwthings away is actually a disorder in this day and age |
|
Two major types of mental disorders |
Clinical disorders: generally more severe, canbe temporary or long-lasting, low level of functioning Personality disorders: milder disorders,longstanding, high level of functioning (read about in your textbook) |
|
DSM:Diagnostic manual (just updated to five) |
Neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive:dysfunction of brain (Medical amnesia, Alzheimer’s, etc.) Substance: alcoholism Schizophreniaand psychoses Mood(Depression, bipolar) Anxiety(Phobias, panic disorder) Trauma and stressor related (PTSD) Dissociative: alterations in identity (fugue) Genderdysphoria in adults and children Childhood disorders (autism, ADHD) |
|
Schizophrenia and the psychoses |
"Split mind” – disturbances of thought that spillover to affect perceptual, social and emotional processes |
|
Catatonic |
Severe motor disturbance, usually characterized by muscular stupor, mutism or echolalia. Sit in contorted positions and rarely talk to you, but sometimes repeat what you say to them word for word. |
|
Paranoid |
Delusions of grandeur and/or persecution. Seems normal unless you discuss areas of paranoia. They are highly functioning, except for when you hit upon the particular domain in which they have the strong delusional beliefs |
|
Disorganize |
Severemaladaptive behavior (babbling, disorganized, thought and speech; loosenedassociations) |
|
Undifferentiated |
Doesnot fit categories above, may have multiple symptoms |
|
Mood disorders |
Emotional disturbances, may be positive ornegative |
|
Depression |
Mostprevalent disorder (Lifetime prevalence range around 15% major depression, 50%depressive disorder). Women more likely than men (but could be differences insymptomology, men higher in substance abuse/gambling, could beself-medication). |
|
Bipolar |
Experienceof both depression and mania(relatively rare mood disorder, 1%) |
|
Symptoms of Depression |
Negative emotional state Slow cognitive processing, difficultyconcentrating Fatigue or insomnia, decreased interest in foodand sex Hallmark of depression is that the reason youhave a negative emotional state is because things that you previously found tobe rewarding no longer are. Feelings of guilt, thoughts of suicide |
|
Riskfactors for Mood Disorder |
Genetic vulnerability, norepinphrine andserotonin disturbances in depression, larger genetic factor in bipolar than indepression Situational and cognitive factors important fordepression Loss of control/learned helplessness (Seligman’sdogs) |
|
Idiographic Approaches |
Person centered approaches to studying personality. Focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons. People are different. |
|
Nomothetic Approaches |
Approaches to studying personality that focus on how common characteristics vary form person to person. |
|
Projective Measures |
Explore the unconscious by having people describe or tell stories about ambiguous stimulus items. Ex. Rorschach inkblots |
|
Objective Measures |
Straightforward assessment of personality. Involve, self-report questionnaires or observer ratings. Measuring only what the raters believe or observe, make no pretense of uncovering hidden conflicts. |
|
Situationism |
Behaviors are determined more by situation |
|
Interactionists |
Behaviors are determined equally by situation and traits |
|
Nonverbal behavior (body language) |
The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. |
|
Thin Slices of Behavior |
People can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. |
|
Gait |
How people walk, provides information about affective state. |
|
Attributions |
Are people's explanations for events or actions, including other people's behavior. |
|
Personal attributions |
Explanations that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. |
|
Situational Attributions |
Explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions. |
|
Fundamental Attribution Error |
In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors. |
|
Correspondance Bias |
Tendency to expect behaviors of others to correspond with our own beliefs and personalities.
|
|
Borderline personality disorder |
A personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control. |
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder |
A personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse |
|
Autism |
Deficits in social interaction, impaired communication |
|
ADHD |
Restlessness, inattentiveness and impulsivity |
|
DBT |
Combines behavioral and cognitive treatments. Used to treat borderline personality disorder. |
|
Seasonal Effective Disorder |
Occurs when days get shorter in winter |
|
Generalized anxiety |
Chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus, “free floating" |
|
Phobias |
Specific fear of an object or action, irrationally exaggerated |
|
Simple phobias |
Animals, heights, water, closed spaces |
|
Social phobias |
fear of speaking or eating in public |
|
Panic disorder |
Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and terror |
|
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
Intrusive thoughts, sometimes with uncontrollable urges (rituals) to reduce anxiety |
|
Panic |
Anxiety sensitivity may reflect in increased arousal of central nervous system |
|
Gender Identity Disorder / Gender Dysphoria |
If and ONLY if gender identity causes significant distress or impairment of a crucial aspect of everyday life, it is considered a disorder |
|
Biological Approaches |
Electroconvulsive therapy - shock the brain TMS - knockout specific functions DBS - brain pacemaker |
|
Pharmacological Approaches |
Antipsychotics, antidepressants ,anti-anxiety |
|
Psychoanalysis Insight therapy |
Verbal interactions between therapist and client designed to enhance self knowledge and produce psychological change Purpose to discover unconscious conflicts and motives |
|
Client Centered/Rogerian Therapy |
Purpose to lead to self awareness and self acceptance |
|
Behavior Therapies |
Focus on behavioral symptom, not on thought that leads to it. |
|
Cognitive |
Gentle change therapist: warm and non confrontational |
|
Rational/Emotive |
Therapist confronts irrational beliefs |
|
Systematic desensitization |
Reduces phobic or anxious responses through progressive counterconditioning |
|
Flooding |
Behavioral therapy in which face fear, assume will break exaggerated terror |
|
Aversion therapy |
Reduces troublesome behavior through aversive conditioning (shock or nausea) |
|
Observational training |
Relies on learning to enhance social skills, assertiveness, communication skills, etc. |