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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F many hallucinatory drugs do not produce hallucinations |
true |
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Name 3 other terms used to name hallucinogens |
psychedelics, illusinogens, deliriants |
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how many different plants contain substances capable of producing hallucinogens |
6000 |
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T/F most stimulants and opiates have similar chemical structures but different mechanisms of action |
False. Most stimulants and opiates have similar chemical structures and similar mechanisms of action. |
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T/F hallucinogens comprise a heterogenous class of drugs |
True. They comprise a broad variety of drugs. |
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Name the 4 categories of hallucinogens |
1. Cholinergic Hallucinogens 2. Serotonergic/5-HT hallucinogens 3. Methylated amphetamines/Noradrenergic Hallucinogens 4. Miscellaneous |
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What is the prototypical Hallucinogen? |
LSD |
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Which category of hallucinogens has both stimulant and hallucinatory effects? |
Methylated amphetamines/noradrenergic hallucinogens |
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Hallucinogens from the ________ category are found in plants, where they serve a _______ purpose |
Hallucinogens from the cholinergic category are found in plants, where they serve a protective purpose |
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Ingestion of plants that contain cholinergic hallucinogens provide for two uses. What are they? |
They can be used as poisons and produce a delirium-like state |
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T/F both the ramping up and down of the cholinergic system produces delirium |
True |
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T/F drugs acting as agonists, but not antagonists, on the cholinergic system have been sought after by people for their psychoactive effects |
False. drugs acting as both agonists and antagonists on the cholinergic system have been sought after by people for their psychoactive effects |
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The cholinergic system is critically involved in ______ & _____ processes |
learning and memory processes |
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What is amanita muscaria? Describe what it looks like. |
A cholinergic agonist. It has a bright red cap, speckled with white dots. |
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What film is the fly agaric mushroom associated with? |
fantasia |
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This is amanita muscaria |
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What is amanita muscaria's nickname? How did it get this name? |
Nickname is the fly agaric mushroom. It got its name from the ancient practise of putting slices of amanita in milk to attract and kill flies |
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Vikings would consume _____ before raiding a village |
Amanita muscaria |
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Ingestion of the fly agaric mushroom produced a state of _____ ____ and feelings of ______. This led to vikings raiding villages to be called "_______" |
ingestion of the fly agaric mushroom produced a state of agitated raving and feelings of invincibility. This led to vikings raiding villages being called "berserkers" |
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What are the two most relevant psychoactive substances found in amanita? |
ibotenic acid and muscimole |
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What is ibotenic acid metabolized to? |
muscazone |
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T/F muscamole is the metabolite of ibotenic acid |
False. muscazone is the metabolite of ibotenic acid. Muscamole is a pychoactive ingredient found alongside ibotenic acid in fly agaric mushrooms |
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What are symptoms of cholinergic activation from amanita muscaria |
initial periods of good humour, light euphoria, detachment, unreality, aggravated raving |
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What are unpleasant physiological symptoms of amanita muscaria? |
marked lacrimation (tearing), salivation, sweating, pinpoint pupils (shrinking), diarrhea, death |
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What drug has unpleasant consequential secretions of the body? |
amanita muscaria |
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Where is ibogaine found? |
Gabon, central africa |
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Why did gabonese hunters chew low doses of ibogaine? How long did these effects last? |
At low doses ibogaine acts as a stimulant allowing them to endure long treks and searches for food. Effects lasted for 30 hours. |
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What is the main psychoactive ingredient in ibogaine? |
ibotenic acid |
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In the 1960s ibogaine was sold in France OTC. For what purpose? |
To combat fatigue |
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Where, when and what was the first documented instance of recreational ibogaine use. |
France, 1960, people found that if they took enough ibogaine pills (initially to combat fatigue), it had psychotherapeutic effects of 'unlocking repressed childhood memories' |
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T/F heroin users used amanita muscaria for their healing abilities |
false. heroin users used ibogaine for its healing abilities |
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T/F there is evidence that ibogaine can be used in the treatment of heroin addiction |
False. No evidence has been found. |
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What Schedule classification has ibogaine been given |
I |
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What is the cost range of ibogaine treatment in Toronto? |
$2500-$4000 |
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Name some characteristics of chemical warfare agents |
-They are cholinergic agonists. -They are deliriants. -They are lipophilic (cross the blood brain barrier ez). -They are used in higher doses.
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What is the mechanism of action of chemical warfare agents |
They irreversibly inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine |
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These deliriants are especially dangerous because they are highly lipophilic. |
What is chemical warfare agents? |
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This is often given to soldiers to combat against chemical warfare agents |
Atropine, a cholinergic antagonist. |
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All cholinergic antagonists have some levels of ______ |
Atropine |
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Atropine is an alkaloid of ______ ________ |
Atropine is an alkaloid of Atropa belladonna |
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T/F Atropa belladonna was known as deadly nightshade due to the thought that it was an aphrodisiac |
False. Atropa belladonna was known as love apples due to the thought that it was an aphrodisiac. |
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Atropa Belladonna is a member of the ____/_____ family |
Atropa Belladonna is a member of the tomato/potato family |
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______ is a member of the tomato/potato family |
Atropa Belladonna is a member of the tomato/potato family |
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Describe what atropa belladona looks like |
Bell shaped, purplish flowers, with blue black berries |
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Explain the origin of the name Atropa Belladonna, and how it pertains to its two uses |
Atropos was the oldest of the three fates, and it was her job to cut the thread of life from a person when it was their time to die. Thus, she represents Atropine's use as a poison.
Belladonna comes from the ancient use of putting nightshade berry juice into the eye to dilate the pupils. This made them look more 'beautiful', thus, 'belladonna' |
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Describe some of the physiological effects of atropine |
dilated pupils, blurred vision, dry throat, feelings of asphyxiation, convulsion |
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Name some of the effects of atropine at low doses |
Increase in arousal, sedative effects, production of a dreamlike state, erotic dreams, feelings of weightlessness/flying |
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After ingestion of atropine, upon 'awakening', users may experience ______ |
amnesia |
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Witches put drug sticks up their v. what drug was it? |
atropine lol |
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T/F atropine can be lethal |
true |
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What does high doses of atropine cause? |
bad trips, psychotic dreams, can be lethal |
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recreational use of atropine is common |
false. because of the potential for bad trips, repeated recreational use is virtually unheard of |
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Name the three cholinergic antagonists found in Datura stramonium |
atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine |
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Name three nicknames for Datura stramonium |
jimsonweed, jamestown weed, thorn apple |
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Datura stramonium/jimsonweed is used to fortify what, where? |
Datura stramonium/jimsonweed, jamestown weed is used to fortify marijuanna and opium in the far east and india |
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this is datura stramonium. it also has white flowers |
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datura stramonium has the same basic effects as what? |
atropine (atropa belladonna) |
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each year there are reports of teens in ontario getting hospitalized for eating the seeds of what? |
Datura stramonium (jimson weed) |
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datura cigs used to be sold to help with what? |
asthma. atropine and scopolamine had bronchodilating effects |
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What are the two psychoactive ingredients found in henbane? |
scopolamine and hyoscyamine |
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Of the cholinergic antagonist hallucinogens, which does not have atropine as a psychoactive ingredient? |
Henbane |
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How did henbane get its name? |
It is lethal to hens |
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henbane (think, hen chicks are yellow) |
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What was henbanes use? |
orgies in the middle ages |
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T/F mandrake is referenced in fantasia |
false. it is referenced in harry potter |
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what does mandrake mean |
potent male |
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what are the psychoactive ingredients of the mandragora officinarum |
atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine |
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What is the medieval lore surrounding the mandrake? |
back in the day when people were hung in the medieval era, they would get an erection and **** because their neck snapped. legend has it the mandragora officinarum grew wherever a hanged mans semen fell to the ground. |
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what plant is fabled to shriek whenever uprooted? |
the mandrake |
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t/f mandrake is used as an aphrodisiac |
true |
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Serotonergic, or 5-HT, type hallucinogens are the second classification of hallucinogens. What does 5-HT stand for? |
5-hydroxytryptamine. |
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All serotonergic drugs have this ingredient: |
tryptamine |
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LSD is what kind of hallucinogen? |
serotonergic |
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What does LSD stand for and what is its trade name? |
Lysergic Acid diethylamide. Trade name Delysid |
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When was LSD synthesized and by who? What was he originally studying at the time of LSD sythesis? |
Synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hoffman, the Swiss chemist. He was originally studying derivatives of ergot fungus for their vasoconstrictive action and their ability to give muscle tone to the uterus. |
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T/F LSD is an alkaloid obtained from ergot fungus |
false. LSA is an alkaloid obtained from ergot fungus. Albert Hoffman put two ethyl groups on the amide, creating Lysergic Acid Diethylamide |
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T/F ergot fungus was used to hasten childbirth |
true |
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Where did the 25 in LSD-25 come from |
It was the 25th derivative albert hoffman produced from ergot fungus |
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T/F ergot derivates can also treat migraines |
True |
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When and how did Hoffman discover the effects of LSD. What did he do the next day? |
in 1943, Hoffman accidentally dosed himself with lsd by getting a sample on his hands. The next day he intentionally dosed himself with 250 ug orally. This was 5 times larger than the minimal psychoactive dose of 50 ug. |
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The minimal psychoactive dose of LSD is about the size and weight of.... |
a grain of salt |
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Who coined the term 'psychadelic'? What drug did he associate it with? |
Dr. Humphrey Osmond, a British psychiatrist working in Canada coined the term psychadelic to describe drugs much like LSD |
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What drug gained fame for being used in interrogations by the government? How was it used? |
LSD. It was given to unsuspecting victims, but it was too unreliable for any use |
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T/F Albert Hoffman was the godfather of LSD? |
False. Dr. Timothy Leary was, along with Dr. Richard Alpert |
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Why was tim leary considered the godfather of acid? |
he catalyzed the use of lsd by telling young people to turn on acid and freely dsitributed the drug. he also threw acid parties. this was all back in the 60s |
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how were ibogaine and lsd similar? |
They both were used for psychotherapeutic purposes initially |
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When was LSD made a schedule ____ drug? |
LSD was made a schedule I drug in 1966 |
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From ____ to ____ the lifetime use of LSD by ______ students increased from ____% to ___% |
From 1967 to 1971 the lifetime use of LSD by college students increased from 1% to 18% |
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T/F LSD use has increased |
false |
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Canadians aged 15 or older reported lifetime use of hallucinogens at __% |
Canadians aged 15 or older reported lifetime use of hallucinogens at 12% |
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Canadians aged 15 or older reported past year use of hallucinogens at __% |
Canadians aged 15 or older reported past year use of hallucinogens at 1% |
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University lifetime use of hallucinogens was ___% |
university lifetime use of hallucinogens was 17% |
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University past year use of hallucinogens was __% |
university past year use of hallucinogens was 6% |
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What is LSD use in high schools now? What was it in the 1990s? |
Now it is 2% for LSD in the 1990s it was 12% for LSD |
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What is past year use of hallucinogens by high school students? |
15% |
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Describe physical characteristics of LSD |
odorless, tasteless, colorless, readily absorbed from GI tract, highly lipophilic (can easily cross blood brain and placental barrier) |
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Describe the methods of administration of LSD |
can be taken orally as a tablet (with names referring to the characteristics of the tablet, such as 'purple haze')
gelatin capsule (aka window pane)
on a sugar cube
or on absorbent paper, aka blotter acid |
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what is a 'window pane' |
a gelatin capsule of LSD |
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T/F the LSD substance varies with the various methods of administration |
false. regardless the method of administration, LSD is the exact same substance |
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What is the current street dose of LSD? What was the dose during the peak period of use? |
It is currently 50 ug From 1967-1971 it was ~200 ug That's 4 times more, |
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How long does LSDs effects take to occur, and how long does it last? |
It takes 60 minutes to occur and it lasts 5-12 hours |
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Some of the first effects of LSD use are symptoms of the activation of what? |
the sympathetic nervous system |
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What are some of the first effects of LSD? |
They are symptoms of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. They include: - dilated pupils - analgesia -tachycardia |
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lets say ur boy takes a drug, but he's not sure what drug he took. What could you check to see if the drug he took was LSD? |
His pupils. If they're dilated, then he took LSD. |
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T/F LSD use and potency has declined |
True. LSD use and strength was much more prominent in the 60s |
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T/F the primary hallucinatory effects of LSD are a) visual b) best experienced with the eyes closed |
The primary hallucinatory effects of LSD are visual and best experienced with the eyes closed |
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T/F wave like and rhythmic movement in objects are early effects of LSD |
true |
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what are form constants? |
When people take LSD and close their eyes, there are images of latticework, honeycombs, spirals. Since experiencing these forms are common to users, they are referred to as form constants |
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What is the most common form of synesthesia experienced by LSD users? |
The ability to see sounds |
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T/F to LSD users, long periods of time seem very short |
False. To LSD users, short periods of time feel very long |
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T/F distortions of time perception for LSD users can alleviate a bad trip |
False. Distortions of time perception for LSD users can worsen a bad trip. If 5 minutes seems like an hour, then they gon feel like sht for a while |
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What is ego disintegration? What drug is this effect associated with? Why might this effect occur? |
Ego disintegration is difficulty in dissassociating oneself from the surroundings. LSD users may feel as if their body has 'melted' into the couch. This effects is probably due to the analgesic effects of LSD. |
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What are 3 factors that may increase the risk of having a LSD induced bad trip/panic attack |
1. Novice users are more likely to have a bad trip 2. Users with preexisting psychological problems 3. People who have been unknowingly been given the drug |
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Why were those interrogated using LSD under the US government more likely to have a bad trip? |
Because they were unknowingly given the drug |
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T/F most who undergo bad trips fear that the effect is permanent |
True |
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Two things said to someone undergoing a bad trip to coach them out of it/alleviate it |
1. The trip is drug induced 2. The trip is time limited |
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What percent of ppl have bad trips with LSD |
3% |
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Bad trips with hallucinogens are greatest with LSD/not greatest with LSD |
Bad trips with hallucinogens are actually greater with other hallucinogens, specifically the cholinergic ones, PCP, ketamine, and salvia |
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T/F flashabcks occur in 50% of LSD users and are self-terminating |
False. Although flashbacks are short-lived and self-terminating, they occur in about 1/3 of LSD users |
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T/F flash backs occur soon after LSD use |
False. Flashbacks occur long after LSD use |
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What is HPPD? |
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder |
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T/F HPPD is recognized by DSM V as a substance use disorder |
FALSE. HPPD is recognized by DSM V as a substance INDUCED disorder |
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T/F HPPD is reversible |
True. Albeit very slowly. |
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What is the % prevalence of HPPD? With what drug is this most often associated with? |
4%. LSD |
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HPPD is most likely the results of what? Be specific. |
It is most likely the result of a change in the neuroplasticity of the brain. Specifically, change to the occipital lobe. |
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What is the lethal dose of LSD? |
14 000 ug, or 14 mg. This is 300 times the minimal psychoactive dose. |
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Tolerance occurs slowly/rapidly to the hallucinatory effects of LSD |
Rapidly |
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T/F cross tolerance occurs among serotonergic hallucinogens. Why? |
TRUE. Because neurochemical mechanism of action is similar. Note: this is just with one classification of hallucinogens, not all hallucinogens |
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T/F pavlovian conditioning does not contribute to the development of tolerance to LSD |
False. It does |
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T/F tolerance to LSD is gained and lost in a matter of days |
True |
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Is there physical dependence for LSD? Is there withdrawal for LSD? |
No and No |
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Does the SA paradigm apply to LSD? |
No animals wont self administer |
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LSD use is reptetitive/sporadic? |
Sporadic. People will do it for three days at a rock concert, then not again for like a year |
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T/F LSD does not cause chromosomal damage or teratological effects |
true |
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LSD has rewarding effects? |
nah b |
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Why ISNT LSD a comparable model for schizophrenia |
contrary to popular belief, LSD does not produce schizophrenic like symptoms
Schizophrenia produces true hallucinations that are primarily auditory and occur with the eyes open. WHILST
LSD produces perceptual distortions that are primarily visual and occur with the eyes closed |
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T/F those under the influence of LSD are highly suggestive and communicative |
True. Unlike schizos. |
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Outline the early research surrounding serotonergic halluncinogen's mechanisms of action |
It was thought that LSD suppressed firing of serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei by acting as an agonist at presynaptic 5-HT1 receptors. The raphe nuclei are part of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and it was thought that LSD interfered with this system, causing sensory distortion. |
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What did later (not current) research reveal about serotonergic hallucinogens mechanism of action? |
That drugs like LSD actually acted via agonistic action at postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors. This is because evidence suggested that LSDs potency correlated with 5-HT2 binding and blocking 5-HT2 receptors diminishes LSDs effects |
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What does current research surrounding LSD conclude? |
That both presynaptic 5-HT1 and postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors are involved in LSDs mechanism of action |
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What is more potent, LSD or LSA |
LSD, however LSA is the parent drug |
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LSA is found on ____ fungus, found on _______. This fungus also goes by the nickname of _____. |
LSA is found on ergot fungus, found on morning glory seeds. This fungus also goes by the nickname of cockspur, because it looks like a chickens foot. |
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T/F ergot ingestion caused accusations of witchcraft |
true |
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What were two other names given to 'ergotism'? |
Holyfire, St. Anthony's Fire |
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Why may have accusations of witchcraft arisen in the late 1600s? |
People eating bread infected with ergot (i.e. LSA), making them act crazy |
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Where did the 'fire' in 'holyfire' come from? |
When people ate infected ergot in the late 1600s, the LSA caused vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to the limbs, leading to a sensation of core warmth. |
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Why did people afflicted with Holyfire feel 'cured' when they pilgrimaged to St. Anthony's shrine? |
Because they removed themselves from the infected bread and therefore ceased to feel the effects of ergot/LSA |
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T/F ergotism outbreaks were completely eradicated by the 1950s |
false. They actually occurred occassionally in the 1950s |
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LSA is ___% the potency of LSD |
10% |
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What kind of hallucinogen is psilocybin? |
serotonergic/5-HT hallucinogen |
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Where does psilocybin naturally occur? |
mexico and central america |
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Who was psilocybin isolated by and when? |
Albert Hoffman in 1958 |
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T/F the godfather of LSD also isolated psilocybin |
False. Albert Hoffman, the guy who synthesized LSD, also isolated psylocibin, in 1958 |
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What was the ancient nickname given to psilocybin mushrooms, and who was it given by? |
Psilocybin was nicknamed, 'teonactl', meaning 'flesh of the gods' by aztecs and mayans. |
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Mushroom (psilocybin) icons have been found in ______ ruins |
mayan ruins |
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What is the onset of effects for psilocybin and what is the duration of effect? |
onset: 30 minutes duration: 2-6 hours |
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What is the active metabolite of psilocybin |
psilocin |
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T/F cross tolerance is displayed with psilocybin |
true |
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what is the street comparison of the effects of shrooms vs. LSD?
what is the lab comparison? |
word on the street is that shrooms produce more visual, less emotional and more euphoric than LSD
word in the lab is that for controlled doses, the effects are indisinguishable |
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T/F psilocybin is an entheogen |
true. especially by mayans and aztecs. |
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What does DMT stand for and where is it found? |
Dimethyltryptamine. It is found in the jungles of central and south america |
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How is DMT used by indigenous ppls |
The red bark is used as snuff |
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T/F DMT effects last longer than psilocybin |
false. DMT onset is in a few seconds, and lasts for an hour |
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What is the businessmans psychadelic? Why is it called this? |
DMT. Because of it's quick onset of action and short lasting effects, businessmen could take it over the lunch hour |
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When taken as a drink, DMT is innefective on its own because it is metabolized by ________. Some plants contain, _________, which block the metabolizing action of ________. One drink that contains both DMT and _______ to better allow DMT absorption is called _________. |
When taken as a drink, DMT is inneffective on its own because it is metabolized by MAO. Some plants contain harmaline alkaloids, which block the metabolizing action of MAO. One drink that contains both DMT and harmaline alkaloids to better allow DMT absorption is called ayahuasca. |
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What is the primary method of DMT administration? What is the primary effect of DMT? |
Primary method of administration is Smoking, (although it can also be injected)
Primary effect of DMT is the feeling of an 'other wordly experience' |
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Where (physically) is bufotenine found? |
In certain plants, fish and toads |
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How did we find out that toads contain ________? |
we found out that toads contain bufotenine because they were used in witches brews |
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What are two ways people have used toads to gwt bufotenine in their system |
1. licking the toad 2. drying secretions then smoking them |
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what is cyanosis? What drug can cause this side effect? |
When the skin turns purplish blue Bufotenine can cause cyanosis |
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T/F hallucinogens are used by a more select group of people, and are used less regularly than other drugs |
True and True |
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What is the prototypical naturally occurring norepinephrine type hallucinogen? |
Mescaline |
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Mesacline is the active alkaloid in the ________ |
Mescaline is the active alkaloid in the peyote cactus |
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Where is the peyote cactus found? |
Mexico, southwestern US, South America |
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peyote cactus. indigenous to mexico, southwestern US, South America |
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What shape is the peyote cactus ' root? |
peyote cactus has a carrot shaped root |
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How is the peyote cactus processed into usable form? |
button is sliced and dried to form hard brownish disks |
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T/F mescaline passes through the digestive tract and blood brain barrier easily |
False. It passes through the digestive tract with ease, but has trouble crossing the blood brain barrier |
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What dose of mescaline will produce stimulant effects? What dose of mescaline will produce hallucinogenic effects? |
3 mg/kg of mescaline will produce stimulant effects 5 mg/kg of mescaline will produce hallucinogenic effects |
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Mescaline intoxication is characterized by what symptoms? |
kaleidoscopic movement, sensory distortions, weightlessness, depersonalization |
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In lab studies, the effects of ____, _____, and LSD are indistinguishable |
the effects of mescaline, psilobycin, and LSD are indistinguishable |
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Name one undesirable side effect of mescaline |
nausea |
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Describe tolerance with mescaline |
tolerance occurs within a matter of days to the psychadelic effects |
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Why might mescaline, a norepinephrine type hallucinogen, be cross tolerant with serotonergic type hallucinogens? |
Even though they are classsified differently, mescaline actually agonizes 5-HT2 receptors the same way LSD does, so there is evidence of cross tolerance as the mechanism of action is similar |
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what is psilobycin + mescaline use in high school %? is it higher in females or males? what was peak use and when was it? |
4% higher use in males peak use was 17% in the late 90s |
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What kind of hallucinogen is DOM? |
methylated amphetamine |
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What is the nickname for DOM? What are 3 origins of this nickname? |
STP. Could stand for -Serenity, Tranquil, Peace - Super Terrific Psychadelic - gasoline additive of the same name |
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What were DOM and MDA initially marketed as? |
appetite suppressants |
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DOM is associated with what, moreso than other hallucinogens? |
Bad Trips, particularily due to its long duration of action and the difficulty of convincing panicked users that the effects will wear off |
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What is MDA and what is its streetname? |
MDA is a methylated amphetamine, it is a metabolite of MDMA, and its street name is EVE |
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When was MDA first synthesized and for what three purposes initially? |
1910 1. appetite suppressant 2. antidepressant 3. treatment for Parkinson's |
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What drug may account for many of MDMAs effects? |
MDA, the active metabolite |
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MDA and MDMA are sometimes used in? |
psychotherapies |
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How is MDA cultivated? |
MDA can be found in the root of the sassafrass tree, formerly used in the production of root beer (but not anymore because it causes cancer). The root contains a substance called safrole, or shikimo, that is easily converted to MDA |
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what was MDMA first synthesized for? |
appetite suppressant |
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onset and duration of MDMA? |
1 hour 4-6 hours |
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FX of MDMA? |
positive mood changes, increased energy, hallucinations at very high doses |
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Pacifiers are used by users of what drug to alleviate which effect? |
pacifiers are used by users of MDMA to alleviate the teeth grinding effect |
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MDMA has more toxic effects than other hallucinogens. Name some |
high body temperatures and dehydration
Some overcompensate for the latter toxic effect by overhydrating |
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When was peak use of MDMA? |
mid 1980s |
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What is the mechanism of action of MDMA and MDA? |
1. causes release of serotonin 2. causes release of dopamine 3. blocks reuptake of serotonin |
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T/F drugs that cause excess activation of dopamine and serotonin systems can cause permanent brain damage |
true |
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At what relative doses does MDMA use produce changes in serotonergic functioning? |
At doses slightly higher than typical recreational doses of 3 pills per month |
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Loss of serotonin binding in those who used MDMA 50 or more times was more pronounced in men/women?
Why might this be the case? |
women
Girls weight less, they may be getting a higher dose when taking the same number of pills as a guy |
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MDMA use can permanently damage serotonergic functioning? |
True |
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In brain areas of learning and memory there is no regrowth/excess regrowth of nerve endings after chronic MDMA use.
In brain areas of sleep and appetite there is no regrowth/excess regrowth of nerve endings after chronic MDMA use. |
In brain areas of learning and memory there is no regrowth of nerve endings after chronic MDMA use.
In brain areas of sleep and appetite there is no excess regrowth of nerve endings after chronic MDMA use. |
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What type of drug are myristicin and elemicin? |
methylated amphetamines |
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what spices are derived from the same plant as the drugs myristicin and elemicin? |
nutmeg and mace |
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t/f myristicin and elemicin are weak hallucinogens |
true. even at high doses. |
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what age group is prone to myristicin and elemicin use? |
younger groups, because of their ready availiability |
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T/F both noradrenergic hallucinogens and methylated amphetamines are SA and CPP |
False. NH are not SA or CPP (i.e. mescaline, LSD).
However MA are both SA and CPP. This is dose dependent however, as at higher doses of these, CPP and SA decrease (probably due to the onset of hallucinogenic affects from amphetamine) |
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What class of hallucinogens are PCP and ketamine? |
miscellaneous hallucinogens |
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At low doses what do PCP and ketamine produce?
At high doses? |
feelings of detachment and out of body exp.
At high doses they produce total body anesthesia |
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Which drug was also used to tranquilize animals? |
phencyclidine (PCP, aka horse tranks) |
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which has more unwanted side fx, PCP or ketamine? |
ketamine, it was developed later actually |
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What drug is often added to marijuanna in powder/liquid form? |
PCP (angel dust) |
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What is a prominent effect of PCP? |
initially nystagmus (eyes moving back and forth) and then a fixed stare (doll's eyes) |
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T/F there is no tolerance and physical dependence to the effects of PCP |
false. there is both tolerance and physical dependence to the effects of PCP |
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What is a term used to describe the effects of Special K? |
entering the K-hole |
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what is the main difference between the effects of PCP and ketamine |
although the effects are similar, the duration of the effects are less in ketamine |
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______ may provide a more useful model of psychosis and schizophrenia than the commonly used ______ model |
ketamine may provide a more useful model of psychosis and schizophrenia than the commonly used amphetamine model |
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What is the mechanism of action of PCP, ketamine and DM? (2 things) |
1. binds to sigma opioid receptors 2. antagonizes NMDA type glutamate receptors, increasing dopaminergic activity, making them rewarding |
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Describe SA and CPP for ketamine and PCP |
SA yes CPP no |
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What is dextromethorphan? |
DM. Common cough suppressant and a miscellaneous hallucinogen |
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What is the medical dose and euphoric/recreational dose of DM? |
15mg 200mg |
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name 3 alternatives to 'chugatussin' |
benadryl, dramanine, and gravol |
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Salvia is a member of the ____ family |
Salvia is a member of the mint family |
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T/F salvia was an entheogen |
true |
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What are the three methods of salvia administration |
chewing a quid, smoking in the form of a dart, or making tea |
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What is the active ingredient in salvia and what is its mechanism of action? |
active ingredient is Salvinorin A, and it acts as an agonist at kappa opioid receptors |
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What kind of drug is thujone |
miscellaneous hallucinogen |
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Where is thujone extracted from? |
most notably wormwood, but also sage |
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wormwood was used in the production of the alcoholic drink ______ |
wormwood was used in the produciton of the alcoholic drink absinthe |
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When and where did absinthe become popular? |
France, mid 1800s |
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Name some effects of absinthe |
hearing voices, seeing things, convulsations |
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What is a nickname of Absinthe and what is its ABV range? |
La fee verte (the green fairy) it is 50%-75% alcohol |
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Describe a method used to take absinthe was back in the day (i.e. johnny depp in that movie). what color does the liquid turn? |
pour absinthe in a tulip shaped glass. Take a sugar cube soaked in more absinthe and put it on a spoon above the glass. ignite the sugar cube, drop it in the glass, then put water in the glass.
The liquid will turn from translucent green to greenish white opaque |
