Psych Hd - Test 1

Front 1

Bronfrebrenner

Back 1

He developed the theory that human development is influenced on different levels of enviormental conditions. He has 4 levels.

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Physical domain includes:

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Body, biological, physical and sensory.

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Cognitive domain includes:

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Thinking, memory and language.

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Psychosocial domain:

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Self concept, feelings/emotions, relationships with parents, siblings and peers.

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How are the domains of development interconnected?

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They are all tied together, one cannot progress without effecting the other domains to a certain extent.

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Continuity vs. discontinuity.

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If it is continuity it is QUANTITATIVE - which is something that is measurable. If it is disconunitunty then it is QUALITATIVE which means it is a different level or way of being.

Caterpillar/Butterfly example - they can only be compared to a certain extent.

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Nature vs. nurture.

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Nature would mean its a genetic influence and nurture would be an environmental influence.

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Deficit vs. difference.

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Deficit is considered weakness, difference is considered something equally viable/another alternative.

ex: Black English vs. English

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Norms

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The average data in order to measure deviation or difference.


Ex: need to know how a "normal" 6 year old boy acts vs. a hyperactive 6 year boy acts.

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Case Study

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An in-depth observational study of one or a few individuals.

Pros: Can pick up individual variations because of the small size of study group.

Cons: Overall conclusion cannot always be applied to the general population.

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Cross sectional study

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Observational research that compares individuals of different ages at the same historical point in time.

Pros: Easy to execute.

Cons: Confuses the generational differences with developmental changes.

Ex: Text messaging.

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Longitudinal studies

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A research method that compares the same group of individuals with themselves at two or more points in time.

Pro: Does not confuse generational differences with developmental changes.

Cons: Time consuming.

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Sequential study

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Combo of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.

Pros: Provides richer data

Cons: Time consuming, more effort.

Ex: 9, 10, 12 year old studied one year, and then the same group studied again.

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Correlational study

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It observes to which two variables change in relation to each other. ie: to the extent to which they co-relate.

Ex: Observing a persons weight and how much TV they watch a week, to determine if the two variables co-relate.

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Correlation/Causation

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Correlation DOES NOT imply causasion.

Ex: Watching a lot of TV does not necessarily mean that one gains weight just from that, it can be other factors.

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Correlation Coefficient

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The number that tells you the strength of the correlation.

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Experimental Study

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Comparing two RANDOMLY assigned groups, changing one factor in only group to differentiate them.

Pro: Does allow causal relationships. (We know if this actually directly causes this "thing" because it's random).

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Experimental Group/Control Group

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EXP Group: experiences the change

CNTRL Group: does not experience the change.

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Dependent Variable

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The factor that is being measured.

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Independent Variable

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The variable that is being changed and affects the dependent variable.

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Validity

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Conclusions that can be drawn from results.

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Chapter 2 - Theories of Development

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YAY

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What type of theorist is Sigmund Freud?

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Is a psychodynamic theorist who assumes unconscious motivation.

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What is the first part of the personality that Freud believes in?

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ID- largely unconscious, present since birth, follows "pleasure principle" that seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

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What is the second part of the personality that Freud believes in?

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EGO- Rational part of the personality that satisfies the ID urges and is developed out of life experience.

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What is the third part of the personality that Freud believes in?

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SUPER EGO- with life experience --- has two subsectors...

conscience: moral/social conventions by using guilt to enforce.

ego-ideal: "the ideal" thoughts, feelings, behaviors that we are striving towards.

Front 27

Freuds development theory stage 1:

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Oral stage: first 12 months, relates to feeding/weening

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Freuds development theory stage 2:

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Anal stage: 12-36 months, relates to ones own will vs. those who are dictating. during toilet training stage.

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Freuds development theory stage 3:

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Phallic stage: 3-6yrs old, relates to child's sexual union with the parent of the opposite sex. develop homo/heterosexual tendencies.

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Freuds development theory stage 4:

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Latency stage: 6-12/sexual maturity. unpredictable stage/conflicts

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Freuds development theory stage 5:

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Genital stage: sexual maturity - now follows on for the rest of life.

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What was Erik Erikson?

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A Psychoanalysit who used Freud's theories but developed adolescent stages of maturity, and placed more emphasis on inter-personal relationships.

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Erikson Developmental stage 1:

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Trust vs. mistrust-birth-12 months. Learning whether the world is trust worthy or not.

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Erikson Developmental stage 2:

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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 12-36 months. Begins to develop and understand self control and self sufficiency-own thoughts, bodily controls.

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Erikson Developmental stage 3:

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Initiative vs. guilt: 36-72 months- Child tries to do different things and as a result, either experiences guilt for doing wrong or initiative/self control and making their own decisions.

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Erikson Developmental stage 4:

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Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-12 years, child starts being social and academic, either is successful and will continue down the industrious path or appears to not succeed and experiences inferiority.

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Erikson Developmental stage 5:

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Identity vs. role confusion: ages 12-19, teenage years, needs to discover for his/herself what is true. Time of discovery/identity.

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Who was Margaret Mahler?

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A psychoanalyst who had a strong focus on relationships and attachments.

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Symbiotic phase

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2-6 months. Positive/negative development of emotional charge, child feels the same towards himself as towards the parent. Not capable of understanding separation from parent.

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Who was Daniel Stern?

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Emphasizes on interpersonal relationships and the RIG.

RIG - past interactions that have been generalized and understood.
ex: baby shakes rattle, noise is made.

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Internal working models

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Develops lens through which we see ourselves in the world.

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Who was B.F. Skinner?

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A learning theorist who focused on operant conditioning.

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Operant conditioning

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Increasing or decreasing the behaviors.

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Reinforcement

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Reinforcement - behaviors are followed desirable outcomes.

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Positive Reinforcemnt

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Any consequence that increases the behavior in the future by adding a pleasurable stimilus.

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Negative Reinforcement

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Reinforcing a behavior by taking away a bad adverse stimulus.

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Punishment

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Decreasing a behavior by the removal or a pleasurable stimulus or the addition of a negative stimulus.

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Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he develop?

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He was a learning theorist who developed classical conditioning.

Front 49

Write out the example with Pavlovs dogs using the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.

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UCS - smell of meat
UCR - salivation
CS - sound of bell
CR - salivation from the sound of the bell.

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Who was Bandura?

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Albert Bandura was a social learning theorist.

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Observational learning

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Observing how to perform behavior and its consequences.

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Modeling

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performing a behavior whether or not the behavior is performed for the express purpose of providing an example or model.

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Imitation

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performing a behavior one has observed results in positive consequence for someone else.

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What did Jean Piaget believe?

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he believed that the goal of development is mental equilibrium.

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Adaptation

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to adjust or effectively interact with the world.

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Schemes

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Concepts and behaviors by which a person responds and understands the world.

(already have knowlege of)

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Assimilate

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putting knowledge of a certain scheme into understanding.

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Accomidation

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to change the event, something new to deal with. the result of assimilation and schemes.

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First stage of information processing theory: Sensory resigter

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records and briefly maintains incoming stimuli

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Second stage of information processing theory: short-term memory

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receives information from the sensory register (SR) - holds new memories or information for about 20 seconds.

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Third stage of information processing theory: long-term memory

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theoretically has an unlimited capacity for an unlimited period of time. in order to retain this information from the STM-LTM it must be rehearsed or linked.

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What was Vygotskys development theory?

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Zone of proximal development

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Zone of proximal development

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Is a method in which learning is maximized by a task that it too difficult to do without aid/help.

ex: riding a bike will be more successful with assistance.

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DNA

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What makes up our genetics. (genetic code)

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RNA

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Contains the code for the amino acids.

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Amino acids

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The building blocks of protein

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Proteins

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The substance in the construction of all bodily tissues.

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Gene

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Basic unit of genetics

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Chromosome

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Organizes the genes/DNA

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Nucleus

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Contains all the chromosomes

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Cross over

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A process that combines genes/chromosomes

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Meiosis

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process in which a gamete is formed

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Gamete

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reproductive cell, contains 23 unpaired chromosomes.

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Zygote

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single cell formed by fertilization

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Mitosos

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formation of two cells from one.

(23 chro-- turns into 46).

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Phenotype

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Actual appearance of something

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Genotype

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genetic make-up

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Alleles

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different form of the gene

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Homozygous

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2 dominant genes

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Heterozygous

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one dominant, one recessive gene

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Codominance

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expression of both alleles

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Sex-linked

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Result in unpaired X chromosome

(23rd c.)

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Genetic imprinting

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Dominance of the allele is ensured because of chemical marking.

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Down syndrome

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21st chromosome, 1.5% if one affected child depending on age of mother, results in retardation and physical symptoms.

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Klinefelter syndrome

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Results from at least one extra 23rd chromosome-usually an X

-no relationship to previous condition of condition.

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Turner syndrome

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results from an unpaired 23rd chromosome.

-no relationship to previous condition of children.

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Fragile X syndrome

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results from a mutation at the bottom of the X chromosome, and what is known as the fragile site.

-no relationship to previous to other children.

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Huntington's disease

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dominate gene disorder that usually first affects people in their 30's-40's.

50% if one affected child

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Cystic Fibrosis

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a recessive gene disorder--affects breathing/digestion.
25% if one affected child

Front 90

PKU - (Phenylketonuria)

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recessive gene disorder-children are hyperactive/have temper tantrums, 25% if one child is affected.

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Sickle-cell disease

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recessive gene disorder, red blood cells are curved - 25% if once person is affected.

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Tay-Sachs disease

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a recessive gene disorder, chemical imbalance of the nervous system.

25% if one person is affected

Front 93

Hemophilia

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blood clotting disorder that is sex-linked recessive trait.

50% later born males
25% females

Front 94

Name two multifactorial disorders that are a lack of nutrition.

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Neural tube defect and cleft lip/cleft plate.

cleft lip-increase 3% if one child is affected

-lack of zinc

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Ultrasound

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Prenatal diagnosis, can view the baby through high frequency waves.

Why: harmless to the baby, can detect # of babies at anytime, fetal growth, defects/other things.

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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

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9-13 weeks
small bit of tissue surrounding the fetus is removed and examined.

1/500 miscarriages

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Aminocentesis

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same as CVS (amniotic fluid is withdrawn) used to detect down syndrome and neural tube defects

14-18 weeks

1/200 miscarriages

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PUBS

Back 98

fetus' blood is drawn from the umbilical vein.

18-36 weeks
tests multiple disorders/chromosomal/genetic abnormalities

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Range of reaction

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range of phenotypes for a genotype with different environmental differences

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Canalization

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highly predictable developmental process

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Heritability coefficent

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the # that represents how much a trait is influenced by genetics

0.0-none
1.0-pure genetics

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Concordance rate

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the % of time both members of a gentically similar pair show a particular trait

ex: mental retardation

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Twin study

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The influence of genetics on fraternal and identical twins.

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heterologous

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egg from a woman is raised in another womans womb

(a third party is involved)

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homologous

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you have your own baby - no third party is involved.

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Rhythm method

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limiting the number of births

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NFP

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observations of a womans body for changes that are highly accurate markers of ovulation.

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germinal stage

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begins with conception and is 14 days later.

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zygote

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one celled organism that is a result of genetic material of the sperm and egg

~30 hours

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Embryonic stem cell

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used for extracting for research, they can develop into any type of adult tissue. it has the potential to become a fetus.

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embryo

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fully implated blastocyst.

14days-8weeks is the embryonic stage

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2 patterns of development stage are:

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cephalocaudal: the head of the baby grows faster than the body

proximodistal: center of the body grows more rapidly than the rest of the body

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amniotic sac

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fluid filled bag that surrounds baby and maintains temperature

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placenta

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area of the uterine wall that allows blood of mother baby to intermingle and exchange nutrients

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umbilical cord

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connects the baby's blood supply with the placenta

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fetal stage

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begins about week 8, continues until birth.

end of week 12 - all organs are developed/working and can sense pain

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critical period

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2-8 weeks in which the baby is particularly susceptible to positive or negative influence

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teratogen

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substance that harms the in utero baby

Front 119

neural tube defect, poor brain development, mental retardation and cerebral palsy are caused by a lack of:

Back 119

folic acid, magnesium and omega-3 fats ---> DHA.

Front 120

what causes preterm and low birth-weight babys?

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lack of magnesium and omega 3 fats.

Front 121

poor adjustment

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behavioral traits such as excitability and increased muscle tension.

caused by tobacco

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rubella

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German measles. caused by a virus that can be passed to the baby through the placenta.

Front 123

cytomagalovirus

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like rubella -
2% of women contract this disease, half infected women pass it onto their babies.

Front 124

toxoplasmosis

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illness causes by a parasite present in uncooked meat and infected cat feces

1.5/1000 babies born with this

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syphillis

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STD causes by a bacterium transmissible through the placenta through the baby

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Gonorrhea, genital herpes, AIDS

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can cause a lot of problems for the baby, blindness, behavioral problems, physical problems.

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Lamaze method

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most widely used prepared childbirth method in the USA

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first stage of labor

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mild irregular contractions
may take 8-24hrs for a first time mother. amniotic sac breaks

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period of transition

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less than 30 minutes, cervix approaches full dilation, longest contractions, baby moves into birth canal

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second stage of labor

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baby's head can be seen, less than an hour usually. baby is pushed out

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third stage of labor

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expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord. 5-20 minutes

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fetal presentaion

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the body part of the fetus that is closest to the mothers cervix

-cephalic-head first
-breech-feet/rump first
-transverse-shoulders first