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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aerobic Exercise
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high intensity activities, such as running and swimming, that increase both heart rate and oxygen consumption
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Agoraphobia
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an anxiety disorder that causes one to restrict his or her normal activities
tends to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack could occur |
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AIDS
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a disease that that gradually weakens and disables the immune system
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Antianxiety drugs
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medication that reduce tension and anxiety
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Antidepressant drugs
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medication that modulate the availability or effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders
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antipsychotic drugs
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medications that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms
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anxiety disorders
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a class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impair normal functioning
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aversion therapy
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a treatment for replacing a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus such as alcohol, with something negative, such as feeling nauseated. Aversion therapy replaces positive associations with negative ones
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behavioral therapies
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treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques
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biofeedback
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specific physiological feedback people are given about the effectiveness of their relaxation efforts
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biomedical therapies
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biologically based treatments for reducing or eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders
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bio-psycho-social perspective
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the idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused, by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors
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bipolar disorder
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a type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered modd shifts in two directions -- from depression to a manic state
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borderline personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self
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burnout
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a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation
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client-centered therapy
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a form of humanistic therapy proposing that it is the client, not the therapist, who hold the key to psychological health and happiness; the therapist's role is to provide genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
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cognitive appraisal
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the idea that that to feel stress you need to perceive a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have adequate resources to deal with the threat
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cognitive therapies
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treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders
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conversion disorder
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the presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause
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coping
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efforts to manage or master conditions of threat or demand that tax one's resources
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cultural deviance
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a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
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dependent personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent need to be taken care of by others
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diagnostic labeling effects
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that labels make make it hard to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way
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dissociative amnesia
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a psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information
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dissociative disorders
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a class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
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dissociative fugue
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a lost of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home
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dissociative identity disorder
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a condition in which an individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities
** multiple personality disorder |
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dream analysis
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a technique used by psychoanalysis; freud believed that dreams are symbolic and contain important information about the unconscious
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DSM-IV-TR
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the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders.
is composed of 5 major axes |
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dysfunction
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a breakdown of normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies
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electroconvulsive therapy
( ECT ) |
a treatment used primarily for depression in which a brief electric current is delivered to the brain
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emotional distress
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a criterion of abnormality stating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset
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environmental psychology
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a specialty area in psychology devoted to the study of environmental effects on behavior and health, such as the effects of crowding or noise
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family therapy
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a form of group therapy in which the therapist treat the family as a whole, as kind of a social system. the goals of the treatment are often to improve interpersonal communication and collaboration
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free association
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a technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the contents of the unconscious; patients are asked to freely express whatever thoughts and feelings happen to come into their minds
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general adaptation syndrome
( GAS ) |
Hans Selye's model of stress as a general, nonspecific reaction that occurs in three phases:
1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion |
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generalized anxiety disorder
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excessive worrying
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group therapy
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a form of therapy in which several people are treated simultaneously in the same setting
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health psychology
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the study of how biological, psychological, environmental and cultural factors are involved in physical health and the prevention of illness
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humanistic therapy
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treatments designed to help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and value as human beings
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hypochondriasis
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a long-lasting preoccupation with the idea that one has developed a serious disease, based on what turns out to be a misinterpretation of normal body reactions
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insanity
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a legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of a crime
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insight therapies
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treatments designed to give clients self-knowledge, or insight, into the contents of their thought processes
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learned helplessness
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a general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in the attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression
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lymphocytes
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specialized white blood cells that have the job of attacking foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria
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major depressive episode
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a type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms
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manic state
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a disordered state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and as a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous
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medical model
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the view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease" which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy
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meta-analysis
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a statistical technique used to compare findings across many different research studies; comparisons are based on some common evaluation measure, such as the difference between treatment and control conditions
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mood disorders
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prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
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obsessive- compulsive disorder
( OCD ) |
an anxiety disorder that manifest itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts
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panic disorder
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a condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
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paranoid personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust of others
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perceived control
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the amount of control you feel like you have over a situation and your reaction to it
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personality disorders
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chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
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phobic disorder
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a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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a trauma based anxiety disorder characterized by flashbacks
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psychoanalysis
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a method of treatment that attempts to bring hidden impulses and memories which are locked in the unconscious mind
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psychosurgery
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surgery that destroys or alters tissues in the brain in effort to affect behavior
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psychotherapy
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treatment designed to help people deal with mental, emotional, or behavioral problems
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rational-emotive therapy
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a form of cognitive therapy in which the therapist acts as a find of cross-examiner, verbally assaulting the client's irrational thought process
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, a patient's unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder the process of therapy
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schizophrenia
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a class of disorder characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior
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social anxiety disorder
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intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations
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social support
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the resources we receive from other people or groups, often in the form of comfort, caring, or help
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somatization disorder
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a long-lasting occupation with body symptoms that have no identifiable physical cause
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somatoform disorders
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psychological disorders that focus on the physical body
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spontaneous remission
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improvement in a psychological disorder without treatment -- that is, simply as a function of the passage of time
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stress
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people's physical and psychological reactions to demanding situations
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stressors
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the demanding or threatening situations that produce stress
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systematic desensitization
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a technique that that uses counterconditioning and extinction to reduce the fear and anxiety that have become associated with a specific object or event
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token economy
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a type of behavioral therapy in which patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in appropriate way; the tokens can then be turned in for certain privileges
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transference
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in psychoanalysis, the patient's expression of thoughts or feelings toward the therapist that are actually representative of the way the patient feels about other significant people in his or her life
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type A
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an enduring pattern of behavior linked to stress related health disorders; it is characterized by being hard driving, ambitious, easily annoyed, and impatient
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type B
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people who lack type A traits -- they put themselves under less pressure and appear more relaxed
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