Child Psych. Chap. 3: Genetics

Front 1

What are characteristics of the cell membrane?

Back 1

The cell membrane is permeable and a lipid bilayer.

Front 2

What does the nucleus consist of?

Back 2

Its own organelle.

Front 3

What does the cytoplasm do and what are some of its characteristics?

Back 3

It helps support the nucleus. The cytoplasm is a gel like substance that contains lipids and proteins.

Front 4

All cells except ____ cells have the entire proportion of genetic material in the nucleus.

Back 4

Sex cells

Front 5

The nucleus of body cells contains ___ chromosomes.

Back 5

46

Front 6

The nucleus of body cells contains ___ pairs of chromosomes.

Back 6

23

Front 7

One member of each pair of chromosomes is from ____ and ____.

Back 7

Mom and dad.

Front 8

Each member of a pair of chromosomes effects _____, _____, and _____ it regulates.

Back 8

Size, shape, traits.

Front 9

Mendelian genetics:

Back 9

Single gene inheritance

Front 10

Phenotype:

Back 10

Expressed observable (physical) characteristics that result from genetic combinations.

Front 11

Genotype:

Back 11

Actual genetic make-up that results from genetic combinations.

Front 12

Example of a single-gene disorder:

Back 12

Huntington's Disease

Front 13

Describe the onset of Huntington's Disease and the effects it has on an individual.

Back 13

Acting differently; moody, passive, forgetful. Symptoms include loss of controlled movements.

Front 14

How common is Phenylketonuria and what causes it?

Back 14

1 in 10,000 people carry PKU, it's caused from excess phenylalanine.

Front 15

Approximately ___ lethal recessive genes are carried by each person.

Back 15

4

Front 16

Recessive Gene Disorder is an example of:

Back 16

Incomplete dominance

Front 17

What is an example of recessive gene disorder, and what are its characteristics?

Back 17

Sickle cell disease, which is when red blood cells are mis-shapen and cannot fit through small capillaries, which causes a disruption in oxygen delivery and blocks white blood cells from reaching bacteria and fighting infections.

Front 18

When someone carries a sickle cell trait:

Back 18

It's usually not a problem, but when seriously short of oxygen, there can be some temporary problems.

Front 19

It is called a sex-linked disorder when the ____rd chromosome is defective.

Back 19

23

Front 20

What causes a sex linked disorder?

Back 20

The recessive gene on X chromosome expressed because the Y chromosome is only 1/3rd as long and lacks corresponding allele to override X.

Front 21

Examples of sex-linked disorders:

Back 21

Colorblindness, hemophilia, male baldness.

Front 22

DNA: (nucleotides) backbone + base-pairs including:

Back 22

Adenine- Thymine (A-T)
Guanine- Cytosine (G-C)

Front 23

What is a gene?

Back 23

A segment of DNA in a particular location on a chromosome.

Front 24

The average gene has _____ base-pairs

Back 24

3000

Front 25

There are apx. _____- _____ genes

Back 25

20,000- 40,000

Front 26

All humans share ___% of their genes.

Back 26

99.9

Front 27

The order of ______ codes are important for creation of amino acids, protein, and enzymes.

Back 27

nucleotides

Front 28

Mitosis:

Back 28

Cell duplication, each new cell receives an exact copy of the original chromosomes.

Front 29

What happens when DNA unzips to during mitosis?

Back 29

Each single strand acts as a template.

Front 30

_________ bases are sequentially added from _______, resulting in identical replicas.

Back 30

Complimentary, cytoplasm.

Front 31

During mitosis, what binds the bases together?

Back 31

Enzymes

Front 32

Meiosis:

Back 32

Replication of germ (sex) cells.

Front 33

Meiosis only occurs in the ______.

Back 33

Gonads.

Front 34

What is the first step of meiosis?

Back 34

1. 46 (23 pairs of) chromosomes duplicate themselves.

Front 35

What is the second step of meiosis?

Back 35

2. Crossing occurs, "mixes up" genetic material.

Front 36

What is crossing over?

Back 36

It occurs during meiosis. It involves the actual exchange of parts of genetic material, as segments of one chromosome in a pair changes place with segments of its compliment. Crossing over increases genetic variability.

Front 37

What is the third step of meiosis?

Back 37

New pairs divide into 2 daughter cells, with 46 (23 pairs of) chromosomes (random assortment determines which member of each pair will end up in each sex cell).

Front 38

During meiosis, do daughter cells divide without copying chromosomes?

Back 38

Yes.

Front 39

What is the last step of meiosis?

Back 39

Result is 4 cells (gametes), each with 23 single chromosomes.

Front 40

In men, meiosis results in ___ sperm cells, (2 with __, 2 with __ --based on division of the ___rd pair).

Back 40

4, X, Y, 23.

Front 41

In women, meiosis results in one _____ (the other __ disintegrate due to receiving very little cytoplasm).

Back 41

Ovum, 3.

Front 42

____ + _____= zygote

Back 42

Ovum, sperm.

Front 43

What happens when a sperm penetrates an egg?

Back 43

Their chromosomes combine to produce 46 (23 pairs of) chromosomes.

Front 44

______ ____ and random assortment result in a large degree of diversity in genetic composition of sperm and egg cells. (64 trillion+ possible combinations from the same mother and father)

Back 44

Crossing over.

Front 45

Polygenetic inheritance:

Back 45

Genetic influence on behavioral/ psychological characteristics appears to be the result of many genes in interaction with the environment.

Front 46

Development is product of reciprocal interactions between:

Back 46

1) Genetic-constitutional make-up, 2) Past experiences, 3) Current physiological conditions, 4) Current environmental conditions.