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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific method
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Involves using an appropriate research method to collect data relating to a question, topic or issue of interest, then summarising data and drawing conclusions.
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Extraneous variable:
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any variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV and affect the results in an unwanted way.
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Controlled variable:
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consistently the same.
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Confounding variable:
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any extraneous variable that has not been controlled and change the DV in an unwanted way.
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Population:
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entire group of research interest.
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Sample:
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smaller group of research participants selected from a larger group of research interest.
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Sampling:
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Selecting participants from a population of interest.
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Representative sample:
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sample that is approximately the same as the population.
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Random sampling:
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ensures every member has an equal chance of being selected.
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Stratified sampling:
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dividing the population to be sampled into different subgroups then selecting a separate sample from each subgroup.
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Convenience sampling:
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selecting participants who are readily available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a population.
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Participant allocation:
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Which research participants are placed in either the experimental or control group. Making sure participant variables that might affect the results of the experiment are evenly spread into the experimental and control groups.
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Primary data:
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data collected directly by the researcher for own purpose (collected from the source)
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secondary data:
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data that has been collected by someone other than the original user (not used for the first time)
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Qualitative data:
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information about the characteristics of what is being studied.
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Quantitative data:
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numerical information on the amount of hat is being studied that’s how much of something there is.
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Descriptive statistics:
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used for analysing, organising and presenting results. Inferential statistics: used for interpreting and giving meaning to results.
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Case study:
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in depth study of some behaviour or event of interest in an individual.
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Observational study:
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collection of data by watching and recording behaviour as it occurs.
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Self report:
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participants written or verbal responses to questions, statements given by researcher.
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Experiment:
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a researcher tests whether one variable influences or causes a change to another variable under controlled conditions.
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Empirical data:
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information acquired by observation or experimentation. This data is recorded and analyzed by scientists and is a central process.
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Reliability:
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extent to which the results are consistent overtime when using a specific testing tool.
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Validity:
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extent to which the testing tool actually measures what it is intended to measure.
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Independent groups:
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participants randomly allocated to either the control or experimental group.
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Repeated measures:
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Subjects undertake both the experimental and control conditions.
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Matched participants:
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participants are pretested and paired up based on their results. One of the pair will go into the experimental group and the other in the control group.
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ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RESEARCHER:
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researcher MUST make sure that all subjects suffer no long term harm (no harm principle)
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PARTICIPANTS RIGHTS:
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confidentiality (no personal details kept), voluntary participation (no indirect/ direct coercion), withdrawal rights (self or data at any time), informed consent (information + consent- parent if <18yrs), deception (white lies) and debriefing (final explanations/information/results)
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Ethics committee:
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review research proposals and then decide whether or not the study can go ahead. It examines the methodology and ethics to see if guidelines are being implemented.
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Animals in research:
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discoveries have been found to advance the understanding about human behavior and mental processes. Ethical guidelines are to make sure the researcher supervises to ensure their comfort, health and humane treatment.
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Graphs:
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show patterns or trends in the data collected.
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Independent variable:
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the experimenter manipulates.
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Dependent variables:
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variable the experimenter measures
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Experimental group;
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group exposed to the IV.
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Control group:
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group that is NOT exposed to the IV
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Hypothesis:
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prediction of the results found from the evidence
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Conclusion:
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decision about what the results obtained mean
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Generalisation:
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decision about how widely the findings of a research study can be applied to the population from the sample.
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Autonomic nervous system:
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connects to CNS to internals glands and organs. Sympathetic nervous system: prepares body for action. Parasympathetic nervous system: calms body after action
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Somatic nervous system:
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carries messages from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS, and motor messages from CNS to muscles
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Neurons- structure:
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Dendrites, soma, axon, myelin and axon terminals
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Neuron- function:
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some neurons specialise in transmitting information and others specialise in sending information.
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Cerebral cortex:
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outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness
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Broca’s area:
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role in production of articulate speech (frontal lobe)
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Wernicke’s area:
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role in comprehension of speech in interpreting sounds of human speech (temporal lobe)
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Phantom limb syndrome:
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most people who have an amputated limb continue to feel sensations from where their missing limb was located
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Symptoms: Tremor:
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continuous and involuntary shaking of the body ‘Resting tremors’, occurs when the limb is not used ‘Action tremors’, occurs when a form of motor activity is commenced
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Muscle rigidity:
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Muscles seem unable to relax and are tight even when resting
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Slowness of movement
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Occurs when initiating and executing movement Decrease in fine motor coordination for delicate work with hands
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Postural instability
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Balance problems and walking disturbances occur later in the course of the disease
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Deep brain stimulation treatment
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has been found to improve motor symptoms. The risks involved in using DBS is it can include death, stroke, difficulties with decision making, speech changes or infection.
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Neuroimaging:
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The structural and functional neuroimaging techniques, by using these techniques it has helped enhance the understanding of brain areas and processes underlying the disease, as well as enabled earlier and more precise diagnosis.
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Diagnosis:
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based on individuals presenting symptoms, examination and review of past medical history.
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Treatment:
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medication can help symptoms but there is not known cure
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Animal studies:
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researchers use animals as there are human constraints, researchers get an understanding of Parkinson’s disease by performing procedures on animals, inducing symptoms.
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Principle of readiness:
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bodily structures and processes must be mature as not amount of practise will produce particular mental process or behaviour.
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Twin studies
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have been used to conduct research on development of personality and intelligence.
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Adoption studies
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are used to learn about the influence of hereditary and environment on psychological development.
|
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|
Scientific method
|
Involves using an appropriate research method to collect data relating to a question, topic or issue of interest, then summarising data and drawing conclusions.
|
|
|
Extraneous variable:
|
any variable other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV and affect the results in an unwanted way.
|
|
|
Controlled variable:
|
consistently the same.
|
|
|
Confounding variable:
|
any extraneous variable that has not been controlled and change the DV in an unwanted way.
|
|
|
Population:
|
entire group of research interest.
|
|
|
Sample:
|
smaller group of research participants selected from a larger group of research interest.
|
|
|
Sampling:
|
Selecting participants from a population of interest.
|
|
|
Representative sample:
|
sample that is approximately the same as the population.
|
|
|
Random sampling:
|
ensures every member has an equal chance of being selected.
|
|
|
Stratified sampling:
|
dividing the population to be sampled into different subgroups then selecting a separate sample from each subgroup.
|
|
|
Convenience sampling:
|
selecting participants who are readily available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a population.
|
|
|
Participant allocation:
|
Which research participants are placed in either the experimental or control group. Making sure participant variables that might affect the results of the experiment are evenly spread into the experimental and control groups.
|
|
|
Primary data:
|
data collected directly by the researcher for own purpose (collected from the source)
|
|
|
secondary data:
|
data that has been collected by someone other than the original user (not used for the first time)
|
|
|
Qualitative data:
|
information about the characteristics of what is being studied.
|
|
|
Quantitative data:
|
numerical information on the amount of hat is being studied that’s how much of something there is.
|
|
|
Descriptive statistics:
|
used for analysing, organising and presenting results. Inferential statistics: used for interpreting and giving meaning to results.
|
|
|
Case study:
|
in depth study of some behaviour or event of interest in an individual.
|
|
|
Observational study:
|
collection of data by watching and recording behaviour as it occurs.
|
|
|
Self report:
|
participants written or verbal responses to questions, statements given by researcher.
|
|
|
Experiment:
|
a researcher tests whether one variable influences or causes a change to another variable under controlled conditions.
|
|
|
Empirical data:
|
information acquired by observation or experimentation. This data is recorded and analyzed by scientists and is a central process.
|
|
|
Reliability:
|
extent to which the results are consistent overtime when using a specific testing tool.
|
|
|
Validity:
|
extent to which the testing tool actually measures what it is intended to measure.
|
|
|
Independent groups:
|
participants randomly allocated to either the control or experimental group.
|
|
|
Repeated measures:
|
Subjects undertake both the experimental and control conditions.
|
|
|
Matched participants:
|
participants are pretested and paired up based on their results. One of the pair will go into the experimental group and the other in the control group.
|
|
|
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RESEARCHER:
|
researcher MUST make sure that all subjects suffer no long term harm (no harm principle)
|
|
|
PARTICIPANTS RIGHTS:
|
confidentiality (no personal details kept), voluntary participation (no indirect/ direct coercion), withdrawal rights (self or data at any time), informed consent (information + consent- parent if <18yrs), deception (white lies) and debriefing (final explanations/information/results)
|
|
|
Ethics committee:
|
review research proposals and then decide whether or not the study can go ahead. It examines the methodology and ethics to see if guidelines are being implemented.
|
|
|
Animals in research:
|
discoveries have been found to advance the understanding about human behavior and mental processes. Ethical guidelines are to make sure the researcher supervises to ensure their comfort, health and humane treatment.
|
|
|
Graphs:
|
show patterns or trends in the data collected.
|
|
|
Independent variable:
|
the experimenter manipulates.
|
|
|
Dependent variables:
|
variable the experimenter measures
|
|
|
Experimental group;
|
group exposed to the IV.
|
|
|
Control group:
|
group that is NOT exposed to the IV
|
|
|
Hypothesis:
|
prediction of the results found from the evidence
|
|
|
Conclusion:
|
decision about what the results obtained mean
|
|
|
Generalisation:
|
decision about how widely the findings of a research study can be applied to the population from the sample.
|
|
|
Autonomic nervous system:
|
connects to CNS to internals glands and organs. Sympathetic nervous system: prepares body for action. Parasympathetic nervous system: calms body after action
|
|
|
Somatic nervous system:
|
carries messages from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS, and motor messages from CNS to muscles
|
|
|
Neurons- structure:
|
Dendrites, soma, axon, myelin and axon terminals
|
|
|
Neuron- function:
|
some neurons specialise in transmitting information and others specialise in sending information.
|
|
|
Cerebral cortex:
|
outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness
|
|
|
Broca’s area:
|
role in production of articulate speech (frontal lobe)
|
|
|
Wernicke’s area:
|
role in comprehension of speech in interpreting sounds of human speech (temporal lobe)
|
|
|
Phantom limb syndrome:
|
most people who have an amputated limb continue to feel sensations from where their missing limb was located
|
|
|
Symptoms: Tremor:
|
continuous and involuntary shaking of the body ‘Resting tremors’, occurs when the limb is not used ‘Action tremors’, occurs when a form of motor activity is commenced
|
|
|
Muscle rigidity:
|
Muscles seem unable to relax and are tight even when resting
|
|
|
Slowness of movement
|
Occurs when initiating and executing movement Decrease in fine motor coordination for delicate work with hands
|
|
|
Postural instability
|
Balance problems and walking disturbances occur later in the course of the disease
|
|
|
Deep brain stimulation treatment
|
has been found to improve motor symptoms. The risks involved in using DBS is it can include death, stroke, difficulties with decision making, speech changes or infection.
|
|
|
Neuroimaging:
|
The structural and functional neuroimaging techniques, by using these techniques it has helped enhance the understanding of brain areas and processes underlying the disease, as well as enabled earlier and more precise diagnosis.
|
|
|
Diagnosis:
|
based on individuals presenting symptoms, examination and review of past medical history.
|
|
|
Treatment:
|
medication can help symptoms but there is not known cure
|
|
|
Animal studies:
|
researchers use animals as there are human constraints, researchers get an understanding of Parkinson’s disease by performing procedures on animals, inducing symptoms.
|
|
|
Principle of readiness:
|
bodily structures and processes must be mature as not amount of practise will produce particular mental process or behaviour.
|
|
|
Twin studies
|
have been used to conduct research on development of personality and intelligence.
|
|
|
Adoption studies
|
are used to learn about the influence of hereditary and environment on psychological development.
|
|
|
Atypical development:
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development that is not typical
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Approaches to normality SITUATIONAL:
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each situation has a culturally specific set of behavioural expectations that people are expected to recognise and adhere to.
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SOCIETAL & CULTURAL:
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social norms are rules that govern our behaviour.
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HISTORICAL:
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normality changes over time as it reflects the social norms and values of a specific group.
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STATISTICAL:
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defines normality as a frequency of how often a characteristic occurs within a given population.
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FUNCTIONAL:
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believes normality occurs when people are able to function independently, have thoughts feelings and behaviours that let them be an active part of society.
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MEDICAL:
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mental health is determined by a person’s symptoms in relation to a set diagnostic manual
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ADAPTIVE behaviours:
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those that enable a person to effectively carry out their usual everyday tasks, and do so independently
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MALADAPTIVE behaviours:
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those actions that interfere with a person's ability to carry out their usual activities in an effective way.
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MENTAL HEALTH-
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state of emotional and social well-being in which individuals realise their own abilities, cope with normal stress levels
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MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS-
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can be temporary due to varying stress levels at certain times in our life. Stress can cause emotional, cognitive and behavioural problems
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MENTAL DISORDER-
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dysfunction of thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours. Serious departure from normal functions, can cause serious stress and suffering
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incidence:
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Groups in society more at risk of developing a mental illness than other groups. These include children, adolescents, Aboriginal
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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
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way of describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine with one another to determine a person’s mental health
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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS;
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not under our control such as genes, hormones
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PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS;
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includes influences associated with mental processes
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SOCIAL FACTORS;
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includes our skills when interacting with others and interpersonal relationships, social networks
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DSM.V
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Manual is published by the American Psychiatric association. Provides descriptions of symptoms to allow diagnosis BUT it does not provide information on the causes or treatment of the mental illness
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Social stigma:
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refers to negative attitudes and beliefs held in wider community lead people to reject, avoid and discriminate other people with a mental disorder.
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Addiction disorder:
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A condition in which someone feels a recurring urge to use a substance or engage in an activity despite potentially harmful consequences
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Contributing:
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biological: dopamine reward system psychological: distorted ways of thinking social: social acceptability
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Treatment:
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psychotherapy and social groups
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Anxiety disorders:
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Persistent feelings of tension, distress, nervousness and apprehension or fear about the future, with a negative effect
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Contributing factors:
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B: physical response P: learning processes S transmission of threat information
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Treatment:
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT, Exposure therapy (gradual) and relaxation techniques, Anti-anxiety medications may also be used to treat symptoms
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Mood disorders:
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Disabling disturbance in the emotional state
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Contributing factors:
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B: genes P: stressful life events S: social stress
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Treatment:
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CBT, Antidepressant medication, Social support
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Personality disorder:
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disorders involving maladaptive personality characteristics that interfere with normal functioning
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Contributing factors:
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B: genetic influence P: social learning S: family environment
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Treatment:
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therapy
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Psychotic disorders:
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loss of contact with reality, disorganized thinking, difficulty in distinguishing between what perception is real and what is not
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Contributing factors:
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b: genetic influence P: Stress S: family environment
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Two hit hypothesis:
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can be used for explanation for the development of schizophrenia as hit 1 includes genetic factors and development disruptions and hit 2 includes environmental factors and stressful life events
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