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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory |
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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recall |
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
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recognition |
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |
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long-term memory |
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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short-term memory |
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
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sensory memory |
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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mnemonics |
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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rehersal |
the act of spacing out practices in order to master material |
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long-term potentiation |
an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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anterograde amnesia |
an inability to form new memories |
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retrograde amnesia |
an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
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implicit memory |
retention independent of conscious recollection ( also called nondeclarative memory) |
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explicit memory |
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also known as declarative memory) |
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hippocampus |
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
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flashbulb memory |
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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misinformation effect |
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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repression |
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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imagery |
a skill to help improve memory; could include drawing or using pictures to help remember things. |
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cognition |
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error prone--use of heuristics |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms |
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insight |
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
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belief perseverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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convergent thinking |
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
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divergent thinking |
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
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language |
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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intelligence |
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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IQ |
defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 times. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. |
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general intelligence |
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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emotional intelligence |
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. |
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intellectual disability |
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life. |
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down syndrome |
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
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stereotype threat |
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
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validity |
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |
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reliability |
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. |
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motivation |
a need or drive that energizes and directs behavior |
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instinct |
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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drive-reduction theory |
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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homeostasis |
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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incentive |
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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glucose |
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger |
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set point |
the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight |
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achievement motivation |
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard |
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emotion |
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. |
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two-factor theory |
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. |
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flow |
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skilss |
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personnel psychology |
an i/o psychology subfield that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
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industrial-organizational psychology |
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behaviors in work places |
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structured interview |
interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
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Human Factors Psychology |
an i/o psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how much machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use |
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catharsis |
in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges |
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"feel-good do-good phenomenon" |
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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subjective well-being |
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate a person's quality of life.. |
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stress |
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
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general adaptation syndrome |
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases--alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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health psychology |
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
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coping |
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
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helplessness |
the hoplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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positive psychology |
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to flourish. |
