Psych Exam

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Psychodynamic Model

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The view that psychological disorders result from unconscious conflicts related to sex or aggression.

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Anxiety

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General feeling of apprehension characterized by behavioral cognitive, or physiological symptoms.

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Phobia

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Irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger.

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Social Phobia

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A fear related to being seen or observed by others.

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Panic Disorder

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The most severe anxiety disorder, characterized by intense physiological arousal not related to a specific stimulus.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Chronically high level of anxiety that is not attached to a specific stimulus.

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Somatoform Disorders

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Disorders involving physical complaints that do not have a known medical cause but are related to psychological factors.

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Somatization Disorder

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Somatoform disorder involving multiple physical complaints that do not have a medical explanation and do not suggest a specific known disease.

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Conversion Disorder

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Somatoform disease in which a person presents sensory or motor symptoms that do not have a medical explanation.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Disorders affecting a function of the mind, such as memory for events, knowledge of ones identity, or consciousness

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Dissociative Amnesia

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Dissociative disorder that involves a sudden inability to recall important personal information; often occurs in response to trauma or extreme stress

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Dissociative Fugue

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Dissociative disorder involving amnesia and flight from the workplace or home; may involve establishing a new identity in a new location.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

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Dissociative disorder in which a person has two or more separate personalities, which usually alternate.

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Depersonalization Disorder

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Dissociative disorder in which the person has persistent or reoccurring depersonalization episodes that interfere with his or her life.

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Bipolar Disorder

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Mood disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression, which usually alternate.

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Mania

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Excessive activity, accelerated speech, poor judgment, elevated self esteem, and euphoria that occur in bipolar disorder.

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Concordance Rate

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Percentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a disorder that is of interest to an investigator.

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Learned Helplessness

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Belief that one cannot control outcomes through ones actions; usually leads to passivity and reduced motivation and may cause depression.

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Personality Disorders

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Disorders characterized by long-standing, difficult to treat, dysfunctional behaviors that are typically observed in adolescence.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Personality disorder characterized by deceitful, impulsive, reckless actions that violate social norms and for which the individual feels no remorse.

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Gender Identity Disorder

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Sexual disorder characterized by a persons belief that he or she was born with the wrong biological sex organs.

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Paraphilia

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Sexual arousal by objects or situations not considered sexual by most people.

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Fetishism

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Paraphilia involving sexual arousal by unusual objects or body parts.

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Deinstitutionalization

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The policy of discharging mentally ill patients from institutions on the assumption that they can be cared for in their communities; the policy also led to the closing of part or all of these institutions

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Biomedical Therapies

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A set of treatments for mental illness that includes drugs, psychosurgery, and electroconvulsive therapy.

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psychological Therapies

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Treatments for psychological disorders such as psychotherapy or therapies based on classical or operant conditioning therapies

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Psychotherapy

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A special relationship between a distressed person and a trained therapist in which the therapist aids the client in developing awareness and changing his or her thinking, feeling, and behavior.

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Psychoanalytic Therapy

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Treatment of maladaptive behavior developed by Freud; Its goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and feelings and bring them to the conscious level.

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Resistance

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A stage of psychoanalysis in which blocking of free association occurs because critical unconscious material is close to conscious awareness.

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Transference

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In psychoanalysis, the patients positive or negative reaction to the therapist, which is believed to reflect the patients relationship to a significant person outside of therapy.

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Free Association

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A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything.

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Client-Centered Therapy

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Therapy designed to create an environment in which the client is able to find solutions to his or her problems

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Cognitive Therapies

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Therapies designed to change cognitive in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors.

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Humanistic Therapies

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Therapies that emphasize the present and the ability of clients to solve their own problems once they are able to accept themselves.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A behavioral technique based on classical conditioning, that is used to treat phobias; the technique usually combines with exposure to imagined scenes related to a phobia.

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Aversion Therapy

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Classical conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant stimulus.

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Token Economy

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A technique that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens, which can be be redeemed for other reinforcers, especially primary reinforcers.

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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A serious adverse effect of anit-psychotic drugs characterized by involuntary motor symptoms such as lip smacking.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

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A biomedical treatment in which an electric current is passed through the brain to induce a seizure; most often used to treat severe depression.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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Phenomenon whereby our expectations elicit behaviors in others that confirm those expectations.

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Self-Serving Bias

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The tendency to make internal attributions when we are successful and external attributions when we fail.

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Just-World Belief

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The belief that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.

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Passionate Love

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Transitory form of love that involves strong emotional reactions, sexual desires, and fantasies.

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Compassionate Love

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Long-lasting form of love that involves commitment.

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Interdependence Theory

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Theory of interpersonal relationships that stresses the costs and rewards involved.

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Hostile Aggression

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Aggressive behavior that is performed with the specific intent of harming another person.

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Instrumental Aggression

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Aggression that causes harm in the process of achieving another goal.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

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The hypothesis that aggression is likely to occur when a person is frustrated.

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Sleeper Effect

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Occurs when the message and its source become detached; messages from source low in expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness may increase in effectiveness.

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Reactance

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The tendency to react in the opposite direction when compliance might place limits on personal freedom

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Risky Shift Phenomenon

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The finding that groups make riskier decisions than individuals

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Foot-In-The-Door Effect

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Phenomenon in which a person who has agreed to a small request is more likely to comply with a subsequent larger request.

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Door-In-The-Face Effect

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People are first presented with an extremely large request, which they likely will refuse, and then they are presented with a more reasonable request that they are more likely to accept

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Reciprocity

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Tactic for increasing compliance that involves doing something for others to create a feeling of obligation on their part.

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Social Loafing

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The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task that does not involve evaluation of individual participants.

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De-individuation

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Phenomenon in which the presence of a group results in a loss of personal identity and a decrease in responsibility.