Psych Exam 4

Front 1

What is personality?

Back 1

Typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that differentiate one person from another.

Front 2

What are the 5 Trait Theories of Personality?

Back 2

Allport's Theory
Big 5 Personality Traits
Psychoanalytical Theory
Social Learning Theory
Humanistic Theory

Front 3

What is Allport's Trait Theory?

Back 3

Common, general traits
Secondary, specific traits

Front 4

What are the Big 5 personality traits?

Back 4

Openness,
Conscientiousness,
Extraversion,
Agreeableness,
Neuroticism

*(OCEAN)*

Front 5

What is openness?

Back 5

New ideas/experiences, trying new things

Front 6

What is conscientiousness?

Back 6

Keep in mind things about self and others.

Front 7

What is extraversion?

Back 7

outgoing, pursuing activites

Front 8

What is agreeableness?

Back 8

friendly

Front 9

What is neuroticism?

Back 9

emotional, worrisome, nervous

Front 10

What is the psychoanalytical theory?

Back 10

-Focus on sex
-3 levels of conscious awareness
-3 parts of the mind

Front 11

What are the 3 levels of conscious awareness?

Back 11

-Conscious
-Preconscious (temp. unconscious)
-Unconscious (more perm. unconscious)

Front 12

What are the 3 parts of the mind?

Back 12

-Id
-Ego
-Superego

Front 13

What is the Id part of the mind?

Back 13

-Instincts (pleasure)
-All it wants is to be pleased
-Drives most of what we want

Front 14

What is the Ego part of the mind?

Back 14

-Realistic thinking
-Helps monitor and regulate the Id (reality)

Front 15

What is the Superego part of the mind?

Back 15

-Conscious
-Constant battle with Id of right vs. wrong

Front 16

What is a "freudian slip"?

Back 16

-Calling someone the wrong name
-Snapshots into the unconscious mind

Front 17

What is the Social Learning Theory?

Back 17

-Your personality is learned
-Reciprocal determination
-Cognitions (thoughts) determine our behavior

Front 18

What is reciprocal determination?

Back 18

-A person's behavior is learned, but the learning environment is affected by us.

Front 19

What are the 2 types of cognitions that determine our behavior?

Back 19

-self-efficacy (capable of reaching goals)
-self regulation (reward when doing well, inhibit desires)

Front 20

What is the Humanistic Theory?

Back 20

-People are basically good
-Innate tendency to improve lives

Front 21

What is stress?

Back 21

-Any event that strains or exceeds and individuals ability to cope.

Front 22

What are some causes of stress?

Back 22

-life events
-frustration
-pressure
-conflict

Front 23

What did Holmes & Rahe research?

Back 23

-They associated high levels of stress in the past year with medical problems
(Sheldon Cohen @ CMU)

Front 24

What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Back 24

-Alarm (Fight or Flight)
-Resistance (resistant to current stress)
-Exhaustion (resistance to stress is lowered and body can break down and become sick)

Front 25

What are cognitive factors of stress?

Back 25

-Stress is in the eye of the beholder
-interpretation
-Personality factors

Front 26

What is involved in effective coping of stress?

Back 26

-Removing stress
-Cognitive coping (change your way of thinking, think positively)
-Managing stress reactions ( plan relaxing activities)

Front 27

What is involved in ineffective coping of stress?

Back 27

-Withdrawal (procrastinate)
-Aggression
-Self-medication (alcohol/drugs)
-Defense mechanisms

Front 28

What is "abnormal"?

Back 28

-Actions, thoughts, or feelings that are harmful to self or others.

Front 29

What are the Historical views of cause of abnormality vs. Contemporary views of cause of abnormality

Back 29

-Historical- supernatural sources or biological sources
-Contemporary- natural causes (biological or psychological)

Front 30

What are the 3 hypotheses of defining "abnormal"?

Back 30

-Continuity Theory
-Discontinuity Theory
-Threshold Model

Front 31

What is the Continuity Theory of defining "abnormal"?

Back 31

-More severe form of normal psychological problems
-Continuous approach to classification

Front 32

What is the Discontinuity Theory of defining "abnormal"?

Back 32

-Categorical approach to classification
-Completely different from normal theory

Front 33

What is the Threshold Model of defining "abnormal"?

Back 33

-Combines continuous and categorical approaches

Front 34

What is the concept of "insanity"?

Back 34

-Legal term, not psych diagnosis
-Not guilty by reason of insanity
-Competence to stand trial
-Commitment to mental institution against will

Front 35

What are anxiety disorders?

Back 35

-Excessive levels of negative emotions (nervousness, tension, worry, fright, anxiety)

Front 36

Who are anxiety disorders more common in?

Back 36

Women

Front 37

What are phobia's?

Back 37

-A type of anxiety disorder
-And intense, unrealistic, or irrational fear.

Front 38

What are the 3 kinds of phobia's?

Back 38

-Specific phobia
-Social phobia
-Agoraphobia

Front 39

What is a specific phobia?

Back 39

-A fear of one specific thing
-Least disruptive

Front 40

What is a social phobia?

Back 40

-An extreme fear of social interactions
-Unrealistic negative view of social skills
-Extremely disruptive

Front 41

What is an agoraphobia?

Back 41

-An extreme fear of leaving home or other familiar places
-Most disruptive
-Varies in severity
-Can have "panic attacks"

Front 42

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Back 42

-Vague, uneasy sense of tension
-Free-floating anxiety

Front 43

What is panic anxiety disorder?

Back 43

-Panic attacks (sharp, intensely uncomfortable, feel like your dying)
-Accompany agoraphobia

Front 44

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Back 44

-After witnessing or experiencing a traumatic experience (sometimes life threatening) become very fearful, helpless, and full of horror
-Re-experiences (hallucinations, recollections)

Front 45

What are some ways of treating PTSD?

Back 45

-Draw attention away from injury/situation
-Give independence

Front 46

What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Back 46

-Have obsessions and compulsions
-Obsessions- anxiety provoking thoughts
-Compulsions- irresistible urges to engage in behaviors repeatedly

Front 47

What are Somatoform disorders?

Back 47

-a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause
-Person has symptoms, but no physical cause
-Symptoms aren't faked, but there is no reasoning behind them.

Front 48

What are the 4 types of Somatoform disorders?

Back 48

-Somatozation Disorder
-Hypochondriasis
-Conversion Disorder
-Somatoform Pain Disorder

Front 49

What is Somatozation Disorder?

Back 49

-Chronically uncomfortable bodily symptoms (aches, pains, etc.)
-Sometimes anxiety, depression, drug addiction
-Often time surgery is necessary

Front 50

What is Hypochondriasis?

Back 50

-Life dominated by concerns over physical health
-No depression, anxiety, or surgery

Front 51

What are Conversion Disorders?

Back 51

-No physical cause
-Anxiety converted to physical symptoms
-blindness, deafness, paralysis
-Not upset
-Sometimes beneficial (escape stressor)

Front 52

What is Somatoform Pain Disorder?

Back 52

-Similar to conversion disorders but characterized with pain
-sometimes doesn't follow nerve pathways
-comes during anxiety
-can be beneficial

Front 53

What are Dissociative Disorders?

Back 53

-Sudden changes in cognition
-Most common under intense stress

Front 54

What are the 4 types of Dissociative Disorders?

Back 54

-Depersonalization
-Dissociative Amnesia
-Dissociative Fugue
-Dissociative Identity Disorder

Front 55

What is Depersonalization?

Back 55

-Distorted, unreal feeling
-Feel as though you have left your body
-Know it's not real, but feels real

Front 56

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

Back 56

-Form of memory loss (psychologically caused)
-Usually after a traumatic event
-Unable to recall important information
-Causes significant distress or impairment

Front 57

What is Dissociative Fugue?

Back 57

-Complete memory loss of identity/previous life
-Semiconsciously wandering (take on new identity)
-Become more fun-loving & sociable
-Rare but very stressful

Front 58

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Back 58

-Somewhat like Dissociative Fugue
-"multiple personality disorder"
-Switch from one person to another abruptly and repeatedly

Front 59

What are 2 Personality Disorders?

Back 59

-Schizoid Personality Disorder
-Antisocial Personality Disorder

Front 60

What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

Back 60

-"loners", no friends, no desire for contact
-Show little emotion
-Results in loss of care for hygiene
-Happens throughout lifetime

Front 61

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Back 61

-asocial (wanting to be left alone)
-hostile and disruptive
-lying, irritable, agressive

Front 62

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Back 62

-Refusal to maintain a healthy body weight
-Fear of gaining weight
-1% of females

Front 63

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Back 63

-3% of females
-bingeing/loss of control
-Compensatory behavior (throwing up, laxatives, exercise)
-2 times a week for 3 months

Front 64

What is Schizophrenia?

Back 64

-Having delusions (strange false beliefs)
-Having hallucinations (false perceptual experiences)
-about 1% of population

Front 65

What are the 3 subtypes of Schizophrenia?

Back 65

-Paranoid Schizophrenia
-Disorganized Schizophrenia
-Catatonic Schizophrenia

Front 66

What is Paranoid Schizophrenia?

Back 66

-Delusions that seriously distort reality
-of grandeur- I am Jesus Christ
-of persecution- everyone's out to get me
-Hallucinations

Front 67

What is Disorganized Schizophrenia?

Back 67

-Delusions have little recognizable meaning
-Speech is disorganized along with behavior
-Inappropriate facial expressions
-Silliness/laughter
-NOT CATATONIC

Front 68

What is Catatonic Schizophrenia?

Back 68

-Psychomotor disturbance
-immobility, excessive motor activity, waxy flexibility
-Echoalia (parrot like repetition of words)
-Echopraxia (repetitive imitation of movements of another)

Front 69

What study did Elaine Walker conduct?

Back 69

The "home movie studies"
Conclusion:
-subtle abnormalities in early motor development
-Behavioral signs way before clinical onset

Front 70

What is Delusional Disorder?

Back 70

-Paranoid delusions of grandeur and persecution
-NOT Paranoid Schizophrenia because NOT hallucinations and delusions are less illogical

Front 71

What are Mood Disorders?

Back 71

-Psychological disorders involving depression and/or mania
-Gender difference
-Women more likely for depression

Front 72

What is Major Depression?

Back 72

-Deep unhappiness & loss of interest in life, suicidal thoughts
-Episodic
-Ranges from mild to severe
-Positive family history

Front 73

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Back 73

-Periods of mania alternate irregularly with periods of depression
-usually 3 to 4 changes per year

Front 74

What is mania?

Back 74

Intense euphoria, unrealistic optimism and heightened sensory pleasures

Front 75

What are the 8 types of therapies?

Back 75

-Psychotherapy
-Psychoanalysis
-Cognitive Behavior Therapy
-Cognitive Therapy
-Treatment of Depression
-Behavior Therapy
-Cognitive Restructuring
-Interpersonal Psychotherapy
-Drug vs. Talk Therapy

Front 76

What is Psychotherapy?

Back 76

-People helping people
-Asking questions & making suggestions
-Not with drugs
-Ethical standards

Front 77

What is Psychoanalysis?

Back 77

-Based on Freud (Id, ego, superego)
-Bring information out of unconscious mind

Front 78

What are some techniques of Psychoanalysis?

Back 78

-Free association (talk in undirected way)
-Dream interpretation
-Interpretation of Resistance
-Interpretation of interaction

Front 79

What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy?

Back 79

-Social learning theory of personality
-Fear reduction
-Social skills training (use shaping and + reinforcement to change behaviors)

Front 80

What is Cognitive Therapy?

Back 80

-Change faulty, maladaptive cognitions (thoughts)
Treatment: cognitive restructuring

Front 81

What are some types of cognitive therapy?

Back 81

-Selective abstraction (base thoughts on small detail)
-Overgeneralization (gen. conc.)
-Arbitrary Inference (conc. based on little or no evidence)
-Magnification/minimization (out of proportion)
-Personalization (all about me)
-Absolutistic Thinking (all or none)

Front 82

What is Treatment of Depression?

Back 82

-Based on theories of causes
-Biological: genetic component
-Cognitive/Behavioral: thoughts & behaviors
-Psychodynamic: conflict/guilt/low self esteem due to childhood exp.

Front 83

What is Behavior Therapy?

Back 83

-Deficient social skills
-Stressful life events disrupt scripts
-Treatment: change environment, improve social skills

Front 84

What is Cognitive Restructuring?

Back 84

-Identify and monitor dysfunctional automatic thoughts
-Recognize connection between thoughts, emotions, and behavior
-Evaluate reasonableness
-Substitute more reasonable thoughts
-Identify and alter dysfunctional assumptions

Front 85

What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy?

Back 85

-A brief treatment for depression
-Focuses on present
-Understanding
-Relate feelings to problems
-Express feelings constructively
-Identify unhealthy relationships
-master new roles

Front 86

What is Drug vs. Talk Therapy?

Back 86

-Combination works best
-Mostly talk
-Drugs are faster but it's hard to find the right one
-Prozac: anti-depressant (slows re-uptake)