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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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personality theory
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a theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking,feeling and behaving
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psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory od personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinate of behavior, sexual and agressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development
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free association
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a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings and mental images as they come to mind
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unconscious
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Freud's theory - a term used to descrive thoughts, feelings, wishes and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness
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id
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latin for it -Freud's theory - the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle
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eros
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the self-preservation of life instinct, reflected in the expresion of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species
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libido
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the psychological and emotional evergy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive
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thanatos
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the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self- destructive actions
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pleasure principle
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the motive to ovtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id
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ego
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latin for l;; in Freud's theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world
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reality principle
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the capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist
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superego
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the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules
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ego defense mechanisms
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largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
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repression
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the unconscious exclusion of anxiety- provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism
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displacement
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the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous
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sublimation
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an ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement
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psychosexual stages
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in Freud's theory, age- related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities associated with those areas
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oedipus complex
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In Frued's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, ususally accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent
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identification
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in psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anziety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person
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collective unconscious
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in Jung's thoery, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from prevous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas
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archetypes
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in Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious
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Mandala
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The archetypal symbol of the self and psychic wholeness. Images are found in cultures throughout the world.
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humanistic psychology
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the theoretical viewpiont on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development
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actualizing tendency
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in Roger's thoery, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
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Self-concept
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The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself
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conditional positive regard
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in Rogers's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance
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unconditional positve regard
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in Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you dont confrom to the standards and expectations of otehrs; unconditonal love or acceptance
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social cognitive theory
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Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism
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reciprocal determinism
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a model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional factors
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self- efficacy
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the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self- confidence or self-doubt
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trait
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a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way
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trait theory
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a theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
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surface traits
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personality characterisitcs or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior
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source traits
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the most fundamental diensions of personalit; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
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five-factor model of personality
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a trait of personalilty taht identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
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behavioral genetics
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an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior
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psychological test
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a test that assesses a persons abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality, on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior
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projective test
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a type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscous motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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a projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiartrist Hermann Roschach in 1921
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graphology
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a pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupaitonal attributes based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawings
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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a projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes
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self-report inventory
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a type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations
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california personality inventory (CPI)
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a self-report inventory that assesses personality haracteristics in normal populations
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sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF)
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a self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on a 16 trait dimensions
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possible selves
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the aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future
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Alfred Adler
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Austrian physician, developed his own psychoanalytifc theory of personality, emphasized social factors and motivation toward self-improvment and self-realization
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Albert Bandura
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known for research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality; self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism
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Raymond Cattell
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developed a trait theory that identifies 16 essential source traits; self- report personality test
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Hans Eysenck
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developed a tait theory of personality that identifies the three basic dimensions of personality as neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism
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Sigmund Freud
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founded psychoanalysis, emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior; id, ego, superego.pschosexual stages etc
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Karen Horney
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emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in peroanlity, disagreed with freud; basic anxiety and womb envy
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Carl G. Jung
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developed his own theory of personality. which stressed strivingtowad psychological harmony; collective unconscious and archetypes
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Abraham Maslow
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one of the founders of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study of healthy personality developement; theory of motivation, self- actualization
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Carl Rogers
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one of the founders of humanistic psychology; emphasized the inherent worth or tendency to strive toward ones potential
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