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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Judgmental Heuristic
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mental shortcuts that enable quick and efficient judgments
ex. which are you most likely to die from? - quick responses |
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Availability Heuristic
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a judgment is based upon the ease with which something can be brought to mind
ex.) lottery- you can buy 1,000 tickets but it will not increase your chances, but a random guy winning can increase our perceptions that we can win ex.) 2 times vs. 8 of being assertive... thinking of 2 times is a lot easier than thinking of 8 |
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Representativeness heuristic
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people classify something according to how similar it is to the typical case
*problems arise when BASE RATES - (info about the frequency of members of diff categories in the population) are ignored ex: internet doctor *sleeping problem - told that he has OCD when that base rate is less than 1%...get a second opinion |
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Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic
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using a value as a starting point and then adjusting one's judgment away from this anchor- people fail to adjust adequately
ex) say it's FREEZINg outside and 10 degrees... friend says no its like 20... when it really is 32... 10 degrees = anchor value |
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Simulation Heuristic
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basing a judgment on the ease with which one can imagine how events could have turned out differently
ex) marines dying.. think "what if i didn't get drafted.." - makes it more tragic when one thinks like that |
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Framing
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presentation of info. concerning potential outcomes in terms of gains or losses
*when emphasis is on potential gains (lives saved) most people are risk averse- prefer avoiding unnecessary risks (route 1) *" " potential losses (deaths) - most people are risk seeding - they prefer taking risks to accepting probably losses (route 2 ) |
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Escalation of Commitment (the "sunk/cost" effect)
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tendency to become increasingly committed to bad decisions even as losses associated with them INCREASE
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Functional Fixedness
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a tendency to think of objects in terms of their usual purpose
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Spearman & General Factor "g"
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general intelligence that contributes to performance on a wide variety of tasks
*someone that would score high on anything across the board... did not find evidence that this was true *good at one thing = good at something else |
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Specific Factor "s"
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specific intelligence that contributes to performance on specific tasks.
ex) math test --> good on another math test |
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Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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3 types :
1) Analytical 2) Creative 3) Practical |
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Analytical
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Performing well on conventional tests that tap reasoning & logical-mathematical ability (SAT)
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Creative
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expresses how well people are able to cope with new/novel tasks
ex) deserted island... you would want certain people to be with you - someone creative |
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Practical
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Taps how well people fit into their environments
ex) street smarts |
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Mental Age
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chronological age that FITS the child's current level of intellectual performance, calculated by comparing a child's test score with the average scores for different age groups
ex) give tests to an 8 year old... but if an 8 year old can do what a 12 year old can do, their mental age is 12 |
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Equation of IQ
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= Metal Age/Chronological Age X 100
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Typical IQ correlates are distributed by....
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about + .5 with school grades, but criticized for failing to focus on creative and practical intelligence
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IQ with TWINS
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twins raised apart have a LOWER I.Q. than twins raised together
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Intelligence
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ranked between 85 - 115
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Giftedness
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130 +
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Retardation
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70 and below
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Steel & Aronson "GRE STUDY"
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half of students told that test was a reliable measure of their verbal abilities
half of students were told that it was merely for developing the test and was NOT reliable. ex) black & white scored EQUAL on one that said was not diagnostic |
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Stereotype Threat
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Apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype...
*no "race" bubble = enhanced performance ... also relevant to women vs. men |
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Zygote
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Single Cell
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Fetal Period (2 - 9 months)
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organs mature to point at which life can be sustained outside the womb
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Placenta
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organ by which embryo/fetus is attached to mother's uterus, transmits nourishment
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Teratogens
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toxic agents that cross the placenta and result in birth defects
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critical period
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time when internal/external influences exert major effect on development; at other times/periods, the same influences exert little or no effect at all.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, cognitive impairments
smoking = miscarriage |
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DeCaspar - "The Cat in the Hat" and his "Suck O Meter"
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rigged a pacifier that enables babies to determine which tape they want to hear by changing the speed by which they suck
*mother's would read to them during pregnancy and see if babies recognized it later when they were born... 15 out of 16 worked! |
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rooting reflex
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baby's tendency to turn his/her head toward anything that touches the cheek
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sucking reflex
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sucks on anything that enters mouth
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swallowing reflex
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enables to swallow liquids without choking
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grasping reflex
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causes to close their fists around anythin that is put in their hands
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Vision in First Month
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*focuses on things 8 - 12 inches away
*prefers black & white or high contrast patterns *prefers HUMAN faces to all other patterns |
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Milestones - Standing
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6 - 10 months
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Milestones - Crawling
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7 - 12 months
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Miletones - walking
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11 - 14 months
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Attachment
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strong affectional bond between infants and caregivers
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Harlow's "Cloth/Wire mother" study
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wire monkey = had something to suck on
cloth = was comfy... monkeys liked the "contact comfort" *monkey would cling to cloth and QUICKLY go to wire |
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Imprinting
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Tendency of an infant animal to form an attachment to the first moving object
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Separation anxiety
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Lorenz separated baby chicks before they hatched and first object they saw was HIM and not their mother... followed him around, thinking that he was their mother
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Schemas
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concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation
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interpreting one's new experience in terms of existing experiences
ex) little kid saying "doggie" and then relating a 4 legged creature like a cow to "doggie" |
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Accomodation
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adapting current schemas to incorporate NEW INFO.
ex) 4 legged creature = thinks it's a dog, but learns it's a cow |
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Sensorimotor (0 - 2 years )
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infants KNOW the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
(out of sight, out of mind) *lack sense of object permanence: awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. ex) train in a tunnel ... kids don't know where it goes and don't know it will come back out |
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Pre- Operational (2 - 6 years )
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Child learns to use language, but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
*lack concept of CONSERVATION = properties such as volume/mass/number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects... 2 beaks of water, one tall, one fat |
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egocentrism
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inability to take another's point of view
*child sitting in front of the t.v. and blocking everyone else, and think that what THEY see is what WE see... * hide and go seek |
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Concrete Operational (6 - 11 years )
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children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, still lack ability to think abstractly
ex) Joke about 6 or 8 pieces of pizza |
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Formal Operations (12 +)
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Children start to gain mastery over abstract thinking
ex) ask why do you go to school? "so i can do homework, go to recess, make friends..." *12 and up should be able to answer question in a more abstract way - "so we can be better able to get a job" - start to think of WHY |
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Preconventional (7 - 10 years)
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Moral dilemmas are solved in ways that satisfy self-serving motives; an act is moral if it enables a person to avoid punishment or obtain a reward
ex) "you shouldn't do that because you'll be caught and put into jail" |
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Conventional (13 - 16)
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Moral dilemmas are resolved in ways that reflect the law or norms set by sources of authority; an act is moral if it meets with social approval and avoids social disapproval
ex) your family will think bad of you... or stealing = breaking the law |
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Post - conventional (17+)
*Where WE should be ... |
based on equality, justice, and value of life
*motivation to follow rational, mutually agreed-upon principles and maintain the respect of others (social contract) *motivation to uphold one's ethical principles and avoid self- condimnation ex) if you don't steal, you wouldn't hve lived up to your own standards of conscience |
