Psych Exam 3

Front 1

any indication that learning has persisted over time; our ability to store and retrieve information

Back 1

memory

Front 2

• You view 2500 slides of faces and places
o Only 10 seconds each
o Later you see 280 of these slides one at a time paired with previously unseen slide
o You would recognize 90 percent of those you saw before

Back 2

Ralph Haber 1970 experiment

Front 3

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Back 3

flashbulb memory

Front 4

the processing of information into the memory system—for example by extracting meaning ; getting info into our brain

Back 4

encoding

Front 5

the retention of encoded information over time; retain info in brain

Back 5

storage

Front 6

the process of getting information out of memory storage; get info back out of brain

Back 6

retrieval

Front 7

the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Back 7

sensory memory

Front 8

activated memory that holds a few items briefly such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten

Back 8

short term memory

Front 9

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences; unlimited capacity store. estimated range 1000 bil- 1,000,000 bil bits

Back 9

long term memory

Front 10

a newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory; name for short term memory; limited capacity; magical number 7 +/- 2

Back 10

working memory

Front 11

the more time you spend learning something, the easier it is to pick it up

Back 11

rehearsal graph

Front 12

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned information such as word meanings

Back 12

automatic processing

Front 13

form of automatic processing when reading something, when later thinking about it, you may visualize it on the page

Back 13

space

Front 14

form of automatic processing you note the sequence of the day’s events… ex. you leave your coat somewhere, you can retrace your steps

Back 14

time

Front 15

form of automatic processing keep track of how many times things happen….ex. this is the third time I have seen her today

Back 15

frequency

Front 16

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
• produces durable and accessible memories
• learning names, places, concepts
- amount remembered depends on the time spend learning

Back 16

effortful processing

Front 17

if you know what you are looking for within 50 msec you can still go back and look at that …after that it fades from memory

Back 17

sensory memory

Front 18

the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then settles off with time

Back 18

Ebbingham's forgetting curve

Front 19

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Ex. forgetting the first phone number when hearing 2 numbers

Back 19

proactive interference

Front 20

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Back 20

retroactive interference

Front 21

In psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from cosciousness anviety arousing thoughts feelings and emotions

Back 21

repression

Front 22

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
Ex. car crash/ smashed into each other

Back 22

misinformation effect

Front 23

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about. Read about, or imagined. Along with misinformation effect is the heart of many false memories

Back 23

source amnesia

Front 24

we are told a rule about something… ex a triangle is called a triangle because it has 3 sides

Back 24

definition

Front 25

a mental image or best example of a category

Back 25

prototype

Front 26

methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone use of heuristics

Back 26

algorithm

Front 27

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

Back 27

heuristic

Front 28

A tendency to search for info that confirms ones preconceptions

Back 28

confirmation bias

Front 29

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective; impediment to problem solving

Back 29

fixation

Front 30

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way often a way that has been successful in the past

Back 30

mental set

Front 31

encoding (keyboard)--> storage (disk) --> retrieval (monitor)

Back 31

stages of memory

Front 32

when your recall is better for what other people say but poor for a person just before you in line

Back 32

next in line

Front 33

we retain info better when our rehearsal is distributed over time

Back 33

spacing effect

Front 34

when you recall is better for the 1st and last items but poor for middle items on a list

Back 34

serial position effect

Front 35

what do we encode?

Back 35

1. meaning
2. images
3. organization

Front 36

what are the three types encoding by meaning

Back 36

1. structural (visual) ex. written in capitals
2. acoustic (phonemics) rhymes with...
3. semantic... type of

Front 37

long term potentiation is a what type of change?

Back 37

synaptic change

Front 38

what happens during long term potentiation (LTP)

Back 38

synpatic enhancement after learning
increase in neurotransmitters release
increase in receptors on receiving neurons

Front 39

type of long term memory that is declarative; facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; processed in the hippocampus

Back 39

explicit

Front 40

type of long term memory that is procedural; learning action without conscious recall; processed in part by cerebellum; includes skills and motor cognition as well as classical and operant conditioning effects

Back 40

implicit

Front 41

the ability to retrieve info not in conscious awareness
ex. fill in the blank test

Back 41

recall

Front 42

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
ex. multiple choice test

Back 42

recognition

Front 43

memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Back 43

relearning

Front 44

activation often unconscious of particular associations in memory
ex. hearing "rabbit" -> then hearing"hair/ hare" --> thinking hare

Back 44

priming

Front 45

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Back 45

mood congruent theory

Front 46

bits of related info we encode while processing target peice of info
-linked someway to context of target

Back 46

retrieval cues

Front 47

judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype
ex. truck driver vs ivy league professor
sharks vs. hippos

Back 47

representative heuristic

Front 48

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common

Back 48

availability heuristic

Front 49

tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias

Back 49

confirmation bias

Front 50

inabilitiy to see a problem from a fresh perspective. impediment to problem solving.
ex. metnal set and functional fixedness

Back 50

fixation

Front 51

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language.
ex. bat has 3 of these

Back 51

phonemes

Front 52

the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a work or a part of a word.
ex. milk= milk
table = talbe
undone = un. done
rerunrs= re.run.s

Back 52

morphemes

Front 53

set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
ex. adding -ed makes this past tense

Back 53

semantics

Front 54

rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
ex. casa blanca vs white house

Back 54

syntax

Front 55

how many words do we learn on average per year? by the time we graduate?

Back 55

3,500 a year
60,000 graduating highschool

Front 56

when does the babbling stage occur?

Back 56

4 months

Front 57

when does the one word stage begin?

Back 57

around the 1st birthday

Front 58

when does the two word stage begin

Back 58

before the 2nd year

Front 59

Skinner believed that language development can be explained on the basis of learning principles

Back 59

operant learning

Front 60

Chomsky opposed Skinners ideas and suggested that rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it was inborn

Back 60

inborn universal grammar

Front 61

what is the evidence against operant conditioning?

Back 61

1. during babbling phase infants produce sounds not spoken in household
2. when learning grammar children overgeneralize rules

Front 62

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Back 62

intelligence

Front 63

why is intelligence not a trait?

Back 63

reification.. viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing

Front 64

what are the controversies concerning intelligence?

Back 64

1. is intelligence a single overall ability or several specific abilities?
2. with modern neuroschience techniques, can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?

Front 65

people high in one ability are also likely to be high in other abilities. differeny types of correlations are positively correlated

Back 65

general intelligence

Front 66

who suggested there are 8 types of intelligence?

Back 66

Gardner

Front 67

how suggested there are 3 types of intelligence?
- analytic
-creative
-practical

Back 67

Sternberg

Front 68

the need of desire that energizes behavior and directs in towards a goal

Back 68

motivation

Front 69

this theory of motivation states that complex behaviors have fixed patterns throughout species and are unlearnt

Back 69

instinct

Front 70

this theory of motivation occurs when physiological need creates an arouses tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Back 70

drive- reduction theory

Front 71

why do we feel hungry?

Back 71

insulin decreases glucose in blood making us feel hungry

Front 72

what brings about hunger stimulation? what happens if it is destroyed?

Back 72

lateral hypothalamus; the animal no longer has a desire to eat

Front 73

what depresses hunger? what happens if this is destroyed?

Back 73

ventromedial hypothalamus; animal eats excessively

Front 74

self esteem is a gauge of how accepted we feel; low self esteem indicates danger of exlusion and motivates increased efforts to gain acceptance

Back 74

sociometer hypothesis

Front 75

emotions are a mix of what 3 elements?

Back 75

1. physiological activation
2. expressive behaviors.
3. conscious experinece

Front 76

In the commonsense view, what is the rorder of the emotional stimulus (lion) physiological response (scream) and conscious emotion (I'm afraid)

Back 76

emotional stimulus-> conscious emotion -> physiological response

Front 77

This theory states that physiological arousal is the first response to an emotional stimulus. The experience of emotion is caused by physiological arousal

Back 77

James- Lange Theory

Front 78

This theory states that emoiton- triggering stimulus and body's arousal take place simultaneously

Back 78

Cannon-Bard Theory

Front 79

this theory states that our physiology and our cognitions create emtions... this model arousal has to be interpreted in order to become emotion

Back 79

two factor theory

Front 80

Which theory is correct concerning emotions and cognition?

Back 80

Canon Bard vs. Two Factor.... NOT common sense or James Lange