Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Discrete Emotions Theory

Back 1

Humans experience a small # of distinct

emotions that may be combined to form more

complex ones

Front 2

Emotions have __________ roots and serve

________________ purposes.

Back 2

Biological; Evolutionary

Front 3

7 Primary Emotions

Back 3

Happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt

Front 4

Secondary Emotions

Back 4

Combinations of the 7 primary emotions

Front 5

Display Rules of Emotion

Back 5

how and when to express emotion

Front 6

Real vs. Fake Emotion

Back 6

facial expressions can be used to determine wether or not an emotion is genuine

Front 7

Cognitive Theory of Emotion

Back 7

Thinking causes emotions; there are no discrete emotions; # of human emotions are as wide and varied as thoughts

Front 8

James-Lange Theory

Back 8

emotions result from physiological response to stimuli

Front 9

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 9

emotional and bodily reactions happen

simultaneously

Front 10

Two-Factor Theory

Back 10

Theory that a person will attribute a specific emotion to an ambiguous feeling of arousal

Front 11

Nonverbal Leakage

Back 11

unconscious spillover of emotion into nonverbal behavior

Front 12

Illustrators

Back 12

Gestures that highlight speech

Front 13

Manipulators

Back 13

gestures in which one body part strokes, bites, etc. another body part (ex: nail biting)

Front 14

Emblems

Back 14

Gestures that have meaning (ex: peace sign)

Front 15

Proxemics

Back 15

study of personal space

Front 16

Public Space

Back 16

12 feet away or more

Front 17

Social Space

Back 17

4 - 12 feet

Front 18

Personal Space

Back 18

1.5 - 4 feet

Front 19

Intimate Space

Back 19

0 - 1.5 feet

Front 20

There is a (strong/weak) correlation correlation between people's ability to detect lies and their confidence in being able to detect lies.

Back 20

Weak

Front 21

Lie detector tests rely on a ______________

response and yield a high rate of ___________ __________.

Back 21

Pinnochio; false positives

Front 22

Broaden and Build Theory

Back 22

Happiness allows us to think more openly and perform tasks better.

Front 23

Hedonic Treadmill

Back 23

our attitudes adjust to our circumstances; a

single event will not make you happy/unhappy forever.

Front 24

True or False: happiness declines in old age.

Back 24

False; happiness only declines past age 80.

Front 25

True or False: higher income makes a person happier.

Back 25

False; only up to $50k

Front 26

Positive Psychology

Back 26

emphasizes human strengths

Front 27

Defensive Pessimism

Back 27

anticipating failure and mentally preparing for poor outcomes

Front 28

Motivation

Back 28

Psychological drives that propel us in a certain direction

Front 29

Two most powerful motivators

Back 29

Food and sex

Front 30

True or False: motivational speakers are effective

Back 30

False

Front 31

Drive Reduction Theory

Back 31

certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states such as hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration

Front 32

Drive Reduction Theory helps to maintain ______________.

Back 32

Equilibrium/homeostasis

Front 33

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 33

shows relationship between performance and arousal level

Front 34

Conflicting Drives

Back 34

some drives lead us to approach a stimulus and some drives lead us to avoid a stimulus

Front 35

Approach-Approach; Avoidance-Avoidance

Back 35

choosing between two positive stimuli; choosing between two bad stimuli

Front 36

Approach-Avoidance; Multiple

Approach-Avoidance

Back 36

a situation with both good and bad aspects;

multiple different options with good and bad

aspects

Front 37

Incentive Theories

Back 37

We are motivated by positive goals

Front 38

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 38

You are motivated to do something because you genuinely enjoy it

Front 39

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 39

You are motivated to do something for an

external goal or reward

Front 40

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 40

We must satisfy basic needs (safety, food) before achieving secondary needs (self-esteem,

actualization)

Front 41

Hypothalamus

Back 41

Regulates hunger

Front 42

Lateral and Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Back 42

Signals to start eating; signals to stop eating

Front 43

Leptin

Back 43

Hormone that reduces appetite

Front 44

People who are obese are reward (more/less) by food.

Back 44

more

Front 45

Unit bias

Back 45

Tendency to want to eat a complete unit of food, as evidenced by the soup experiment

Front 46

Bulimia

Back 46

Binging and purging

Front 47

Anorexia

Back 47

excessive weight loss and paranoia about weight gain

Front 48

3 Principles of Attraction

Back 48

Proximity, Similarity, Reciprocity

Front 49

Passionate Love vs. Compassionate Love

Back 49

Passionate: powerful and overwhelming longing for partner

Compassionate: deep friendship and fondness

Front 50

Approximate size of most human social groups

Back 50

150 people

Front 51

Social influence is mostly (positive/negative).

Back 51

positive

Front 52

Upward vs. Downward Social Comparison

Back 52

Upward: comparing yourself to somebody

superior

Downward: comparing yourself to somebody

inferior

Front 53

Mass Hysteria

Back 53

Negative social influence; outbreak of erratic and irrational behavior spread through social forces

Front 54

Urban Legend

Back 54

false stories repeated so many times that people believe them

Front 55

Social Facilitation

Back 55

performing a task in front of others leads to

better performance

Front 56

Social disruption

Back 56

performing a task in front of others leads to worse performance

Front 57

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 57

Overestimate influence of personality,

underestimate situational influence

Front 58

Conformity

Back 58

tendency to alter behavior as a result of peer pressure

Front 59

The Asch Study

Back 59

subjects and confederates asked to estimate the length of a line; subjects knowingly picked the wrong answer when confederates picked the wrong answer.

Front 60

Deindividuation

Back 60

The tendency to act out of character when

identity has been stripped away

(ex: cyberbullying)

Front 61

Stanford Prison Study

Back 61

subjects split into prisoner and guard groups; "guards" horribly mistreat prisoners

Front 62

Groupthink

Back 62

emphasis on unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

Front 63

Group Polarization

Back 63

group discussions cause individual's positions on the issue to be strengthened; in other words, group discussions don't help you see the other side of an argument

Front 64

Obedience

Back 64

Following instruction from authority

Front 65

The Milgram Paradigm

Back 65

Aimed to find how the Holocaust could have happened; subjects were instructed to shock their "students" (actually confederates) when they answered a question wrong; most people administered extremely high-voltage shocks even when the student yelled in pain and said he was dying; it was predicted that only 1 in 1000 subjects would administer shock above 150 V but 62% of subjects administered shock up to 450 V; proves the strength of obedience

Front 66

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 66

Tendency to believe that nobody else views a

situation the way we do; contributes to

bystander effect

Front 67

Diffusion of Responsibility

Back 67

reduced feeling of responsibility in the presence of others; contributes to bystander effect

Front 68

Altruism

Back 68

helping people for unselfish reasons

Front 69

Aggression

Back 69

behavior intended to harm others; dependent on culture, gender, and individual differences. Aggression is higher in the South.

Front 70

Belief vs. Attitude

Back 70

Belief: confidence in the truth or existence of something

Attitude: a belief with an emotional component

Front 71

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 71

Two conflicting thoughts cause mental tension; come up with a third thought to reconcile the two conflicting thoughts

Front 72

Peg Turning Experiment

Back 72

Subjects participated in a very boring

experiment and were either paid a lot or very little; those who were paid a small amount rated the experiment as more fun.

Front 73

Dual Process Model

Back 73

There are two main routes to persuasion:

Central Route - focus on merits of an argument

Peripheral Route - focus on surface aspects of an argument

Front 74

Stereotype

Back 74

false belief that all members of a group share the same traits

Front 75

Prejudice

Back 75

drawing negative conclusions about a person, group, or situation before properly evaluating

Front 76

Discrimination

Back 76

differing treatment of individuals who belong to different groups

Front 77

Ultimate Attribution Error

Back 77

View behavior of members of a group as being due to a fixed trait of that group (ex: Jersey Shore might lead you to believe that all Italians are trashy)

Front 78

Adaptive Conservatism

Back 78

tendency to distrust things that are unfamiliar or different; evolutionary adaptation

Front 79

In-group Bias

Back 79

Tendency to favor those within our group

Front 80

Out-group Homogeneity

Back 80

Tendency to view members of a different group as highly similar

Front 81

Scapegoat Hypothesis

Back 81

prejudice arises from our need to blame others for our misfortune

Front 82

Just-world Hypothesis

Back 82

claims that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by our tendency to believe that the world is fair and everything happens for a

reason

Front 83

Robbers Cave

Back 83

Split 22 fifth graders into two groups and pitted them against each other at a summer camp;

resulted in name-calling and physical fights

Front 84

Nomothetic vs. Idiographic Approach to

Personality

Back 84

Focuses on personality traits present in all

individuals; focuses on unique personality traits

Front 85

Genetic factors

Back 85

biological aspects that explain a behavior or trait

Front 86

Shared Environment Factors

Back 86

experiences that make individuals in a family similar

Front 87

Non-Shared Environmental Factors

Back 87

Experiences that are unique to an individual; make family members less alike

Front 88

Shared environment (does/does not) play an

important role in the shaping of personality.

Back 88

does not

Front 89

Psychic Determinism

Back 89

All psychological events have a cause

(ex: Freudian slips)

Front 90

Symbolic Meaning

Back 90

all actions are meaningful and symbolic of

deeper processing

Front 91

Unconsciously Motivation

Back 91

we rarely truly understand the motivation

behind our actions

Front 92

The Id

Back 92

Primitive impulses

Front 93

The Superego

Back 93

sense of morality

Front 94

The Ego

Back 94

the boss of the personality

Front 95

Reality Principle

Back 95

the ego postpones gratification until it can be achieved through an appropriate outlet

Front 96

Defense Mechanisms

Back 96

unconscious behaviors intended to minimize anxiety

Front 97

Repression

Back 97

make the problem unconscious

Front 98

Denial

Back 98

claim the problem doesn't exist

Front 99

Rationalization

Back 99

make the problem sound reasonable

Front 100

Displacement

Back 100

direct negative emotions caused by problem

towards something else

Front 101

Reaction Formation

Back 101

turn the feeling caused by the problem into the opposite

Front 102

Projection

Back 102

accuse somebody else of having the problem that you're experiencing

Front 103

Regression

Back 103

psychologically return to an earlier stage

(ex: curling up into the fetal position)

Front 104

Sublimation

Back 104

channel negative feelings into something

positive (healthy defense mechanism)

Front 105

Trait Models of Personality

Back 105

tries to understand structure of personality

Front 106

Factor Analysis

Back 106

examines correlation between personality traits and other factors

Front 107

The Big 5

Back 107

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Front 108

Basic tendencies vs. characteristic adaptations

Back 108

Basic tendencies: underlying personality traits

Characteristic Adaptations: the behaviors caused by personality traits

Front 109

Behavioral Approach to Personality

Back 109

personality stems from genetics and learning; free will is an illusion; believe in unconscious processing

Front 110

Social Learning Theories of Personality

Back 110

Learning and thinking are important in shaping personality; locus of control is important

Front 111

Locus of control

Back 111

People either believe that reinforcers and

punishers are within or outside of their control

Front 112

Structured Personality Test

Back 112

Paper and pencil assessment consisting of yes and no questions like the MMP1

Front 113

Projective Personality Tests

Back 113

Asks examinees to interpret meaningless stimuli to determine personality traits

Front 114

Projective Hypothesis

Back 114

people project their own personality traits onto random and meaningless stimuli

Front 115

PT Barnum Effect

Back 115

tendency to accept common base rate

personality traits as accurate (basis of astrology and tarot card readings, they're too general to be wrong)

Front 116

Psychopathology

Back 116

mental illness

Front 117

Mental illness is often seen as a failure to ___________ to the environment.

Back 117

adapt

Front 118

Failure Analysis Approach

Back 118

tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

Front 119

Menta disorders have (clear-cut/blurry)

definitions.

Back 119

blurry

Front 120

Statistical rarity

Back 120

A condition must be rare among a population to be considered a disorder.

Front 121

Subjective Distress

Back 121

A condition must produce pain to be considered a disorder.

Front 122

Impairment

Back 122

A condition must interfere with daily life to be considered a disorder.

Front 123

Societal Disapproval aspect of Psychological

Disorders

Back 123

Can fall subject to the times, such as in the case of homosexuality or slaves running away

Front 124

Biological Dysfunction of Psychological Disorders

Back 124

Many illnesses are caused by abnormal

functioning of physiological systems

Front 125

The DSM

Back 125

provides info on the prevalence of mental

illnesses; can be biased due to the influence of politics; biopsychosocial approach; views mental illness as categorical rather than dimensional

Front 126

Comorbidity

Back 126

The overlapping of two or more mental illnesses; tendency for one mental illness to coincide with another

Front 127

Anxiety

Back 127

distress or uneasiness due to anticipation of

misfortune or danger

Front 128

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 128

excessive worrying across many aspects of life; affects 3% of population; spend 60% of the day worrying

Front 129

Panic Disorder

Back 129

recurrent, terrifying panic attacks;

Front 130

Phobias

Back 130

disproportionately intense fear of an object or situation, including social anxiety

Front 131

PTSD

Back 131

emotional disturbance after experiencing a

traumatizing event

Front 132

OCD

Back 132

marked by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repeated behaviors to help dispel anxiety)

Front 133

Explanations for Anxiety Disorders

Back 133

Genetics, differences in thinking, learning

Front 134

Mood Disorders

Back 134

long-lasting extremes in mood

Front 135

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 135

most common mood disorder; 16% of population

Front 136

Bipolar Disorder

Back 136

periods of mania and extreme depression

Front 137

Explanations for Depression

Back 137

biopsychosocial; life events/trauma;

interpersonal model (social disorder); behavioral model (loss of positive reinforcement)

Front 138

Learned Helplessness

Back 138

tendency to feel helpless in situations we have no control over

Front 139

Cognitive Model of Depression

Back 139

depression is caused by recurring negative thoughts

Front 140

Biological Model of Depression

Back 140

depression is caused by differences in

neurotransmitter function

Front 141

Personality Disorders

Back 141

personality traits lead to impairment;

most commonly misdiagnosed; high comorbidity with other disorders

Front 142

Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 142

mood instability; lack of impulse control;

self-destructive; due to feelings of

abandonment, childhood problems, emotional cascades, choosing to see things as only either good or bad

Front 143

Psychopathic Personality

Back 143

manipulative; charming; dishonesty;

self-centered; risk-taking; overlaps with

antisocial disorder; could be caused by a deficit of fear

Front 144

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 144

presence of two or more distinct personalities called alters; very controversial

Front 145

Posttraumatic Model of DID

Back 145

different personalities develop to protect the mind from trauma

Front 146

Sociocognitive Model of DID

Back 146

DID is caused by people's expectancies and

beliefs, which are often acquired in therapy; treatment encourages the formation of new

alters

Front 147

Depersonalization Disorder

Back 147

feelings of detachment

Front 148

Dissociative Amnesia

Back 148

inability to remember personal info after trauma

Front 149

Dissociative Fugue

Back 149

sudden and unexpected travel from home,

accompanied by amnesia; sometimes just start life over.

Front 150

Schizophrenia

Back 150

disturbed thinking, emotions, perceptions,

behavior; delusions, hallucinations, and

paranoia; social withdrawal

Front 151

Explanations of Schizophrenia

Back 151

brain differences; neurotransmitters; genetics; Diathesis Stress Model (stress causes

predisposed traits to be expressed)