Psych Exam 2 Ch 4,5,6

Front 1

Carl Jung: Analytic psychology

Back 1

Personality consists of three components
-Ego
-Personal unconscious
- collective unconscious

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Ego

Back 2

conscious aspect of personality. Embodies one's sense of "self".Core of the personality

Front 3

Personal Unconscious

Back 3

-Not presently within conscious awareness.
-Thoughts & urges that are unimportant @ the time.
-Thoughts repressed due to their ego- threatening nature.

Front 4

Collective Unconscious

Back 4

-Deeper level of the unconscious
-comprised of archetypes

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Archetypes

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-Powerful emotional symbols, common to all people, present throughout the ages.
-Transpersonal (not unique to the individual).
-Derived from emotional reactions of ancestors to recurrent & culturally meaningful events.
-Represent cultural themes that impact the personality of the individual.

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Animus

Back 6

masculine aspect of a woman.

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Anima

Back 7

feminine aspect of a man

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Persona

Back 8

Socially acceptable front presented to others

Front 9

Shadow

Back 9

Dark, unacceptable side of the Self; shameful desires & motives often hidden from the world

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Mother

Back 10

Generativity & fertility. Can be represented by a person or an institution.

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Hero

Back 11

Strong, good force that fights enemies and rescues others from harm.

Front 12

Demon

Back 12

Cruelty and evil

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Sensing

Back 13

“Is something there?” (e.g., perception)

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Thinking

Back 14

“What is it?” (e.g., identification and classification).

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Feeling

Back 15

“What is it worth?” (e.g., valuation).

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Intuiting

Back 16

“Where did it come from … where is it going?” (e.g., understanding & predicting)

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Extroversion

Back 17

directing psychological energy toward things in the external world

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Introversion

Back 18

directing psychological energy toward things internal to the Self.

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Striving for superiority

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-Person experiences overwhelming circumstances.
-Develops feelings of powerlessness – inferiority complex.
-Person struggles to maintain a sense of self-worth.
-Compensates by developing a pattern of arrogance – superiority complex.

Front 20

inferiority complex

Back 20

exaggerated feelings of personal incompetence

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superiority complex

Back 21

exaggerated arrogance that in individual develops in order to overcome an inferiority complex

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Aggression drive

Back 22

-Aggression results from efforts to overcome perceived helplessness & inferiority.
-Lashing out against the inability to master something.

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penis envy

Back 23

phenomenon in which a girl develops feelings of inferiority and jealousy over her lack of penis

Front 24

Basic anxiety

Back 24

-Child’s fear of being alone & insecure.
-Develops from problems in relations w/ parents.
e.g., lack of warmth, stability, respect, or involvement.
-Later impacts relations w/ others

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Person adopts one of three styles of coping with “basic anxiety” and dealing w/ the world

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Passive style
aggressive style
withdrawn style

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Passive Style

Back 26

being compliant

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Aggressive Style

Back 27

fighting

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Withdrawn Style

Back 28

not engaging emotionally

Front 29

Three different aspects of the Self

Back 29

-Real Self
-Despised Self
-Ideal Self

Front 30

Real Self

Back 30

inner core of the personality. How we perceive ourselves. Can be damaged by poor parental relations

Front 31

Despised Self

Back 31

perceived inferiority & shortcomings, based on negative evaluation by others

Front 32

Ideal Self

Back 32

the perfect self one hopes to achieve. Based on the “tyranny of the should

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Neurotic coping strategies

Back 33

-Unhealthy ways of dealing w/ others.
-Maladaptive extensions of three basic coping styles

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Moving toward

Back 34

people: always attempting to make others happy, to gain love, and approval (passive style).

Front 35

Moving against

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people: striving for power, recognition and admiration (aggressive style)

Front 36

Moving away

Back 36

from people: withdrawal from emotional investment in relationships to avoid being hurt (withdrawn style).

Front 37

Trust vs. Mistrust

Back 37

(infancy): establishing trust and hope

Front 38

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Back 38

(early childhood): control over own body; ability to do for oneself

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Back 39

(early to mid-childhood): plan & execute actions; getting along w/ peers

Front 40

Industry vs. Inferiority

Back 40

(mid- to late childhood): solving problems; taking pride in one’s own accomplishments

Front 41

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Back 41

(adolescence): forming a clear sense of self that is one’s own

Front 42

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Back 42

(early adulthood): develop companionship w/ others and a love relationship

Front 43

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Back 43

(mid-adulthood): being productive; giving of oneself to others (family, community, institution).

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Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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(late adulthood): derivation of wisdom & integrity; view one’s life as meaningful and worthwhile.

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natural selection

Back 45

-Some characteristics lead to increased reproductive success of the organism. Hence, greater probability of survival of the species.
-Over successive generations, more adaptive characteristics are favored. Less adaptive characteristics are weeded-out.
-Based on the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin.

Front 46

Heritability

Back 46

(a measure of the proportion of variability of a trait, within a population, that is associated with genetic variability.)
-Typically estimated from studies of twins and family studies.
-Most personality traits have substantial heritable components.
-On average, about h = 0.50 for most traits.
That also suggests about 50% of variability in most traits is not heritable (i.e., due to other factors).
-Learning.
-Environment.

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Four basic dimensions of temperament

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-Activity
-Emotionality
-Sociability
-Aggression/Impulsivity

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Activity

Back 48

active and in motion vs. passive

Front 49

Emotionality

Back 49

easily aroused to anger, fear, or other emotions vs. more emotionally calm

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Sociability

Back 50

tendency to approach and enjoy others vs. being withdrawn

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Aggression/Impulsivity

Back 51

aggressive & cold vs. conscientious & friendly.

Front 52

RAS

Back 52

Reticular Activating System

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BAS

Back 53

Behavioral Activation System

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Behavioral Activation System

Back 54

-Regulates person’s response to rewards & pleasurable stimuli.
-Overactive BAS: Impulsive, reward-seeking, sensation-seeking. More prone to drug addiction & overeating

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BIS

Back 55

Behavioral Inhibition System

Front 56

Behavioral Inhibition System

Back 56

-Orients person to novel situations.
-Responds to things that are punishing or aversive.
Overactive BIS: Anxious, alert, worrying

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Novelty seeking

Back 57

Related to tendencies to:
-Become excited in response to novel stimuli.
-Explore one’s environment.
-Trying new things for thrill or excitement

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Harm avoidance

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-Tendency to worry and feel tense.
-Related to the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS).
-Influenced by aversive stimuli and signals of punishment.
-Low HA is related to impulsivity & aggression.
-Positively related to serotonin

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serotonin

Back 59

a neurotransmitter, derived from tryptophan, that is involved in sleep, depression, memory, and other neurological processes.

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Reward dependence

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Behavioral maintenance system.
Tendency to continue behavior that produces reward.
Tendency to be persistent or hard-working.
Inversely related to norepinephrine

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norepinephrine

Back 61

a commercial form of this substance used for emergency treatment of lowered blood pressure.

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empirical tradition

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Emphasizes scientific approaches to the study of observable behavior.

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Associationism

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S – S associations (stimulus – stimulus).
S – R associations(stimulus – response).

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Ivan Pavlov

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Studied digestive responses of dogs.

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classical conditioning

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The concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulous

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Another name for classical conditioning

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respondent conditioning

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Neutral stimulus (NS):

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does not naturally elicit a response

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):

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naturally elicits a response

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Unconditioned response (UCR):

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the response that is naturally elicited by the UCS.

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Conditioned stimulus (CS):

Back 70

the formerly NS, which now (after conditioning) elicits the response.

Front 71

Conditioned response (CR):

Back 71

the formerly unconditioned response, which is now elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Front 72

Stimulus generalization

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-Occurs when the CR is elicited by other stimuli, similar to the CS.
-The power to elicit the CR has “generalized” from the CS to other, similar stimuli.
-Ex) A boy is repeatedly stung by bees develops a fear reaction to all flying insects.

Front 73

Stimulus discrimination

Back 73

-Occurs when the organism learns to not respond to stimuli similar to the CS.
-The person has learned to discriminate (“tell the difference”) btw stimuli.
-Ex) The same boy is fearful only of flying insects, not all insects. He fears mosquitoes but not ants.

Front 74

Extinction

Back 74

-If the CS is later presented repeatedly, without the UCS, the CS will eventually lose the power to elicit the CR.
-Ex) if the bell is presented repeatedly without presenting food, the bell loses the power to elicit salivation.
-The association has been “extinguished.”

Front 75

John Watson

Back 75

Founder of behaviorism

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behaviorism

Back 76

Approach that focused on scientific study of observable behavior.

Front 77

introspection

Back 77

observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state

Front 78

“Little Albert” experiment

Back 78

-11 month-old boy, not naturally afraid of white rat, dog, rabbit, or monkey.
-When loud noise (hammer on steel rod) paired w/ white rat, Albert developed fear of white rat alone.
-Conditioned fear reaction.
-Generalized to similar objects (e.g., white rabbit, dog, fur coat).

Front 79

B.F. Skinner

Back 79

Influenced by the pioneering experimental psychologist, Edward Thorndike.

Front 80

Edward Thorndike

Back 80

pioneering experimental psychologist

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Law of effect

Back 81

the consequences of a behavior will either strengthen or weaken that behavior.

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operant conditioning

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to explain how consequences influence behavior

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Another word for Operant conditioning

Back 83

instrumental conditioning

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Reinforcer

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consequence that increases probability of behavior recurring in future

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Punisher

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consequence that decreases probability of behavior recurring in future

Front 86

Avoidance learning

Back 86

-Learning to perform a certain behavior in order to remove an aversive stimulus.
-Ex) shielding one’s eyes from the sun.
-Ex) avoiding (or escaping) crowds, to reduce fear of crowds.
-Fundamental to most anxiety-based conditions.
Based on the process of negative RFT

Front 87

Negative RFT

Back 87

Negative reinforcement

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Extinction

Back 88

-When a previously reinforced behavior no longer reliably results in a consequence, the behavior gradually decreases in frequency.
-Ex) Child’s whining no longer results in getter his/her way. Whining gradually decreases.