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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the fetal stages? |
Zygote -> Morula -> Blastocyst -> Embryo -> Fetus |
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When does a Zygote become a Morula? |
When it has 12 or more cells (cell replication becomes asyncrhonous) |
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When does a Morula become a Blastocyst? |
When it folds inside itself becoming a hollow ball. This is also the stage where it embeds itself into the uterine wall. |
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When does a Blastocyst become an Embryo? |
When development starts to focus on the inner part of the blastocyst while the outer part becomes the placenta. |
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When does an embryo become a fetus? |
At 8 weeks of fertilization (10th week of pregnancy) |
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What is a teratogen? |
A substance that causes fetal damage. |
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What is a non-disjunction error? |
The failure of sister chromosomes or chromatids to separate.
During meiosis is associated with XYY supermale, XXy Kelinfelter's, X0 Turner's syndrome, 3x21 Down Syndrome |
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What are four tests for genetic diseases? |
Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villi Sampling, Alpha-fetoprtoein sampling, Ultrasound |
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What week can you use Amniocentesis and what's the risk of miscarriage? |
16+ weeks. .5-1% risk of miscarriage |
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What week can you use Chorionic Villi Sampling and what's the risk of miscarriage? |
8+ weeks. .5-2% risk of miscarriage |
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What week can you use Amniocentesis and what's the risk of miscarriage? |
15-18 weeks. 0% risk of miscarriage |
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What are four important techniques for delivery methods? |
Psychoprophalactic methods, General Anesthesia, Analgesics, Saddle blocks |
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What are Psychoprophalactic methods? |
Breathing, distraction, and concentration methods from LaMaze |
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What are saddle blocks? |
Blocks pain from received by the brain. Epidurals (big, generals), Spinals (small, precise). |
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What are the stages of labor? |
1st - dilate the cervis, 2nd - get head out, 3rd - get placenta, uterine lining out |
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What are the factors on the APGAR SCALE? |
Heart Rate, Respiratory Effort, Reflex Irritability, Muscle Tone, Color |
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In what direction does motor development happen? |
Cephal-caudal & Proximal-distal |
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What are six reflexes? |
Moro reflex, Stepping Reflex, Swimming Reflex, Babinsky reflex, Babkin reflex, Grasping Reflex. |
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What is the Moro reflex |
Arms out when fall backwards |
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What is the Babinsky reflex? |
Stroke side of foot --> Flare Toes |
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What is the Babkin reflex? |
Flatten palms, mouth opens |
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What are some risk factors for SIDS? |
Placing infants on stomachs, smokers in household, low birth weight, male or African American, young mothers, fluffy mattress & soft pillows. |
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What are three social milestones in the first year of an infant's life? |
4-5 months Social Smile, 6-8 months Stranger Anxiety, 8-12 months Attachment. |
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What personality traits develop in adolescence? |
Emotion, reward, gratification mature early
Judgement, self-control, consequence determining developer later in adulthood
Abstract thinking, math, metaphors develop.
Form identity, establish moral views
Self-focused, self-critical (Personal Fable) |
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What happens in midlife transition (~50) |
female menopause, take stock, reflect, review choices, do things new |
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What happens in the transition to old age |
More cheerful and thankful, mental abilities slow but skill levels increase
65+ 4-6% w/dementia |
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What range of electromagnetic radiation can the human eye see? |
400-750 nm |
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What are the components of the eye? |
Cornea, Iris (Pupil), Lens, Retina, Fovea, Optic Nerve |
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What are some facts about Corneas? |
Breathes through air, nutrients through fluid, cataracts from UV exposure. |
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Why do humans have a blind-spot? |
Optic Nerve gets in the way of Retina |
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How many rods and cones does the Retina have? |
100 million rods, 7 million cones |
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What are Rods? |
Light sensitive cells only in periphery. More light sensitive than CONES. Only see intensity & brightness (b&w) |
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What are Cones? |
Light sensitive cells mostly in Fovea, can see color, needs bright light |
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What are the different types of light-sensitive cones? |
S-cones (blue), M-cones (green), L-cones (red) |
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What is Opponent Process Theory? |
That light perception is due to an inhibitory/excitatory process. Signals oppose each other so we can only see one or the other.
Red v. Green Blue v. Yellow Black v. White
This is why we can't see certain color combinations such as yellowish blue or reddish green. |
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What are the Binocular Cues for depth perception? |
Convergence & Binocular Disparity (Parallax) |
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What are the Monocular Cues for depth perception? |
Linear Perspective, Relative Size, Texture Gradient, Shading, Motion Parallax, Overlap/Interpretation |
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What are the components of the Hearing system? |
Pinna (outer ear, Tymphanic Membrane, Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes), Cochlea, Semicirular Canals, Auditory Nerve |
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How do the Ossicles transmit sound? |
Malleus --> Incus --> Stapes --> Cochlea |
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What does the semicircular canals do? |
Three tubes (X,Y,Z). Controls balance. |
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What does the Eustachian tube do? |
Equalizes inner ear pressure |
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What is the Cochlea? |
Fluid filler tube that contains the hair cells that send auditory signals to the auditory nerve. |
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What are parts and shape of the Cochlea? |
Fluid filled tube, coiled, gets narrower.
Basilar membrane runs down the center.
16,000 hair cells fire when vibrated |
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How does the Cochlea detect loudness and frequency? |
Vibrating hair cells. Frequency
Frequency Theory - rate of firing gives pitch sensation 20-1000 hz
150-1000 hz we use Freq. & Place Theory |
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How does sell work in the nose? |
~1,000 types of OLFACTORY RODS in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM. Different receptors respond to different odors. |
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What are the parts in our Smell system? |
Olfactory Bulbs, Olfactory Rods, Turbinate Bones |
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How does TASTE work? |
Taste buds are in the canyons in the tongue. Can taste SWEET, SOUR, SALTY, BITTER, & possibly UMAMI and/or FATTY. |
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What are the SKIN senses? |
Can detect TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, & PAIN.
Most sensitive in the FACE & HANDS, 60% of body.
ABDOMEN most temperature sensitive. |
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What is the GATE THEORY of pain? |
A-Delta transmits pain quickly, fatigues quickly.
C-Fibers - transmit slowly and don't fatigue much.
E.G. Initial Pain & Throbbing/Aching Pain |
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Why do major injuries sometime hurt less than minor? |
MINOR - only C-fiber
Major - Both C-fibers and A-Delta. A-Delta produce Endorphins which block pain signal. |
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What is KINESTHESIS? |
knowledge of position and motion of body parts. |
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What is the VESTIBULAR SENSE? |
From VESTIBULAR SACS and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS.
Signals direction of gravity & acceleration.
Leads to motion sickness in some people. |
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What is the fetal stage of development when implantation takes place? |
The Blastocyst |
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What is the name of the fetal stage where there is a solid ball of more than 12 cells? |
Morula |
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What is the name of the stage where differentiated body parts start to form? |
Embryo |
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What single factor affects nondisjunction errors in fetuses more than any other? |
Age of the mother |
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How does Chorionic Villi sampling differ from amniocentesis? |
Chorionic Villi Sampling removes cells from the placenta vaginally
Amniocentesis removes amniotic fluid using a needle in the abdomen |
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What is the Babkin reflex? |
Push on palms baby open mouths |
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Which body growth curve describes reaching adult size by 8 or 9? |
Brain and Head growth. |
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What are the three types of color receptors and what color are the associated with? |
L cones - red light M cones - green light S cones - blue light |
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What is the figure/ground principle of vision? |
Some parts are figure and others are ground. The figures are standing in front of the ground. |
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How does place theory explain our ability to detect differences in pitch? |
Place Theory - Position on basilar membrane that resonates most gives pitch sensation >150Hz |
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What sense never deteriorates in old age because the sensors are constantly being replaced? |
Taste |
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What determines the timbre of a sound wave? |
Complexity of the sound wave |
