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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aristotle
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Knowledge grows from the experiences stored in our memories.
Events experienced under strong emotion are better recalled than unemotional ones. We recall memories through a network of associations among stored experiences. Mind and body connected. |
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Descartes
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Mind and body are distinct.
Spirits flowed from the brain through nerves to the muscles, provoking movement. |
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Bacon
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Interested in the failings of the human mind. i.e. hunger to percieve order in random events.
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Locke
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The mind at birth is a blank slate.
Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
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Wundt
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Established first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig, Germany.
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Titchener
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Structuralism - used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
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Darwin
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Influenced James/Functionalism with Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection
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James
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Functionalism - instincts and how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Calkins
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Harvard woman - earned a PhD but was denied it by Harvard because she was a woman.
Became a memory researcher and APA president in 1905. |
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Washburn
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First woman to recieve a psychology PhD
Second female APA president |
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Functionalism
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instincts and how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Structuralism
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used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
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Introspection
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looking inward
"the rose is smooth-petaled, sweetly aromatic" |
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Natural Selection
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Those with better traits will survive and reproduce more.
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Are humans shaped solely by genetics or through experience?
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Neuroscience
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how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
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Evolutionary
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How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
Ancient adaptations to environment |
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Behavior Genetics
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How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
Relationship between genes and behavior |
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Psychodynamic
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How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Unconscious mind/unresolved conflict |
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Behavioral
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How we learn observable responses
Role of environment and learning |
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Cognitive
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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
language, thinking, problem solving, memory |
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Social-cultural
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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
influences of interactions with others |
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.
Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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Theory
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Explains observations more or less well.
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. |
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Hypothesis
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Testable predictions.
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Operationalize
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A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
Allows for replication of data. |
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Descriptive
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describe psychological phenomena - doesn't explain, only describes/observes
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Descriptive Examples
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Case study
Surveys Naturalistic Observations |
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Correlational
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Identify strength of relationships between observations
Show relationship on scatter plot Quantify relationship |
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Correlational Examples
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Height/Weight Chart
Percieving order in random events Korsakoff's Syndrome |
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Experiment
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Test for effects of one factor in isolation of many others
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Experiment Examples
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
Evaluating Therapies Need for: control conditions random assignments double-blind |
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Hindsight Bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
"I knew it all along" |
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Illusory Correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
(Korsakoff's Syndrome) |
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Random Sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Making Inferences
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Broad samples better than selective samples
More cases better than fewer Statistics does not "prove" something is true |
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Statistics
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Statistics help determine the likelihood that result could have been obtained by chance.
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Central Tendency
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Mode - most commonly occurring
Mean - average Median - middle Ways of analyzing can make a difference, especially when data is asymmetric. |
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Measures of Variability
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Range
Central Tendency |
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Nervous System
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1. Peripheral 2. Central
A.Autonomic B. Somatic a.Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic |
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Autonomic
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controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
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Sympathetic
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arousing
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Parasympathetic
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calming
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Somatic
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controls voluntary movements of all skeletal muscles
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Experiment
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Test for effects of one factor in isolation of many others
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Experiment Examples
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
Evaluating Therapies Need for: control conditions random assignments double-blind |
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Hindsight Bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
"I knew it all along" |
|
Illusory Correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
(Korsakoff's Syndrome) |
|
Random Sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
|
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Making Inferences
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Broad samples better than selective samples
More cases better than fewer Statistics does not "prove" something is true |
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Statistics
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Statistics help determine the likelihood that result could have been obtained by chance.
|
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Central Tendency
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Mode - most commonly occurring
Mean - average Median - middle Ways of analyzing can make a difference, especially when data is asymmetric. |
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Measures of Variability
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Range
Central Tendency |
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Nervous System
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1. Peripheral 2. Central
A.Autonomic B. Somatic a.Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic |
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord
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Autonomic
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controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
|
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Sympathetic
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arousing
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Parasympathetic
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calming
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Somatic
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controls voluntary movements of all skeletal muscles
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Sensory Neurons
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Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
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Motor Neurons
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neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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Hypothalamus
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brain region controlling the pituitary gland
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Thyroid Gland
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affects metabolism, among other things
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Testis
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secretes male sex hormones
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Pituitary Gland
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secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
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Parathyroids
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help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
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Adrenal Glands
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inner part, called the medulla, helps trigger the "fight or flight" response
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Pancreas
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regulates the level of sugar in the blood
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Ovary
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secretes female sex hormones
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hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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Dendrite
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receive messages from other cells
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Axon
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passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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Terminal Branches of Axon
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form junctions with other cells
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Cell Body
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the cell's life-support center
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Neural Impulse
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electrical signal traveling down the axon
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Myelin Sheath
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covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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Resting Membrane Potential
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-70 mv resting potential
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Action Potential first generated at...
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axon hillock
Pumps positive ions in and out of membrane |
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Refractory Period of Neuron
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a resting pause when the neuron pumps the positively charged sodium atoms back outside
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Excitatory Neuron Signals
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like pushing accelerator
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Inihibitory Neuron Signals
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like pushing the brake
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Acetylcholine
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Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Curare: Ach blocker; antagonist Nicotine: Ach substitute, Agonist |
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Dopamine
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influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Cocaine: dopamine reuptake inhibitor L-DOPA: dopamine precursor; Parkinson's treatment |
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Serotonin
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affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Zoloft, anti-depressants Ecstacy: Enhances release of serotonin |
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Norepinephrine
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Helps control alertness and arousal
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GABA
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Valium: Enhances binding of GABA; Agonist |
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Glutamate
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Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
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Antagonist
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interferes - blocks neurotransmitter
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Sensory Neurons
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Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
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Motor Neurons
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neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
|
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Interneurons
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central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
|
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Hypothalamus
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brain region controlling the pituitary gland
|
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Thyroid Gland
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affects metabolism, among other things
|
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Testis
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secretes male sex hormones
|
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Pituitary Gland
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secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
|
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Parathyroids
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help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
|
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Adrenal Glands
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inner part, called the medulla, helps trigger the "fight or flight" response
|
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Pancreas
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regulates the level of sugar in the blood
|
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Ovary
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secretes female sex hormones
|
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hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
|
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Dendrite
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receive messages from other cells
|
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Axon
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passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
|
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Terminal Branches of Axon
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form junctions with other cells
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Corpus Callosum
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axon fibers connecting two cerebral hemispheres
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Thalamus
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relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex
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Hippocampus
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a structures in the limbic system linked to memory
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Hypothalamus
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controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reward
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Amygdala
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neural centers in the limbic system linked to emotion
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Medulla
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controls heartbeat and breathing
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Cerebellum
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coordinates voluntary movement and balance
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Spinal Cord
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pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes
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Reticular Formation
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helps control arousal
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Visual Cortex
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receives written words as visual stimulation
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Angular Gyrus
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transforms visual representations into an auditory code
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Wernicke's Area
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interprets auditory code; controls language reception
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Broca's Area
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controls speech muscles via the motor cortex
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Motor Cortex
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word is pronounced
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Brain Study
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Lesion: tissue dissection
Electroencephalography CT Scan PET Scan MRI fMRI |