Psych Exam 1 (Ch.14)

Front 1

what are the big 5 traits? (OCEAN)

describe them

Back 1

1. extraversion- social and lively
2. neuroticism- tense and moody
3. conscientious- careful and responsible
4. agreeable- social and easy to get along with
5. openness- intellectually curious and unconventional

Front 2

personality

Back 2

peoples typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Front 3

traits

Back 3

relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations

Front 4

nomothetic

Back 4

focuses on identifying general laws that govern behavior of all individuals

Front 5

idiographic approaches

Back 5

focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

Front 6

individualistic culture

Back 6

place a higher value on the welfare and accomplishments of the individual than on the needs and goals of the larger ingroups

Front 7

collectivist culture

Back 7

the individual's needs, desires and outcomes are secondary* to the needs, desires and goals of the ingroup

Front 8

ingroup

examples

Back 8

the larger group to which an individual belongs (family, tribe, village, organization, country)

Front 9

locus of control

Back 9

idea wether we believe reinforcers or punishers are in or out of our control

Front 10

2 types of locus of control and describe them

Back 10

internal: life events are controlled by own efforts

external: fate and chance control life events

Front 11

motivation (or dynamics)

Back 11

why people do the things they do

Front 12

structure

Back 12

how personality is organized- the core elements (trait, ideal self, ego)

Front 13

growth

who's theory goes along with this?

Back 13

how we develop from infancy to maturity

*Freud's psychosexual stages

Front 14

therapy

Back 14

how and why problems in personality functioning develop and how to remedy those problems

Front 15

reared together twin studies

describe and what it focus's on

Back 15

twins raised together, can show if a trait is caused by genes or environment

Front 16

reared- apart twin studies

describe and what it focus's on

Back 16

twins raised apart (like the Minnesota twins)

spotlight on genes

Front 17

adoption studies

describe and what it focus's on

Back 17

further separate the effects of genes and environment by examining children who were separated from their biological families at an early age

Front 18

who came up with psychic determinism?

Back 18

Frued

Front 19

psychic determinism

Back 19

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

Front 20

id

Back 20

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

Front 21

pleasure principle

Back 21

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

Front 22

ego

Back 22

psyche's executive and principal decision maker

Front 23

reality principle

Back 23

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

Front 24

superego

Back 24

our sense of morality

Front 25

example relating the id, ego and superego

Back 25

feel the need to scream in class (id's idea) --> the ego thinks of a more socially acceptable way to release anger; throwing darts at a dartboard) --> super ego adds the 'what would your mom want you to do" factor and guilt

Front 26

which structure of personality is libido a part of?

Back 26

the id (libido is sex drive)

Front 27

according to Freud, dreams are what?

Back 27

wish fulfillments: reveal inner workings of your id in action

Front 28

5 main criticisms against Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Back 28

1. unfalsifiability
2. failed predictions
3. questionable conception of the unconscious
4. reliance on unrepresentative samples
5. flawed assumption of shared environmental influence

Front 29

self-actualization

Back 29

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Front 30

3 major components of Roger's model of personality

and describe them

Back 30

organism: our innate and genetically influenced blueprint
self: set of beliefs about who we are
conditions of worth: expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Front 31

who studied self-actualized people?

Back 31

Abraham Maslow

Front 32

characteristics of self actualized people

Back 32

self confident but not self centered, focus on real world and intellectual problems, have a few deep friendships rather than many superficial ones

Front 33

7 defense mechanisms

Back 33

1. repression 2. denial 3. regression 4. projection 5.sublimation 6. displacement 7. rationalization

Front 34

repression

def and example

Back 34

def: forgetting of threatening memories or impulses

ex: someone who was in a bloody war finds they can't remember it

Front 35

denial

def and example

Back 35

def: motivated forgetting of distressing experiences

ex: mother who loses a child and insists the child is still alive

Front 36

regression

def and an example

Back 36

def: returning psychologically to a younger and safer time

ex: college kid starts to suck his thumb during a hard exam

Front 37

projection

def and an example

Back 37

def: unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others

ex: married man with powerful sexual impulses toward females complains other women are always "after him"

Front 38

displacement

def and an example

Back 38

def: directing impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one

ex: golfer angrily throws his club after he misses an easy putt

Front 39

rationalization

def and an example

Back 39

def: providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures

ex: political candidate who loses an election convinces herself she really didn't wanna win

Front 40

sublimination

def and an example

Back 40

def: transforming a socially acceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goald

ex: boy who beats kids up in school grows up to be a professional boxer

Front 41

According to Carl Rogers, conditions of worth result in ______ between self and organism: Our personalities are inconsistent with our innate dispositions

Back 41

incongruence

Front 42

The P. T. Barnum effect demonstrates that ______ is a flawed method of evaluating a test’s validity.

Back 42

personal validation

Front 43

The rational/theoretical method of test construction ____________.

Back 43

seeks to write test items to assess a conceptualization of a trait

Front 44

Sally believes her grades don’t depend on how hard she studies or how well she pays attention in class; instead, according to her, only the lucky students get good grades. Sally appears to have ___________

Back 44

external locus of control

Front 45

In the “iceberg” model representing Freud’s personality structure, ______ is the tip of the iceberg

Back 45

the ego

Front 46

Theorists who initially followed Freud’s theories but later modified Freud’s views in significant ways are typically referred to as ________.

Back 46

neo-freudians

Front 47

The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator is an example of a(n) __________.

Back 47

rationally/theoretically constructed test

Front 48

The __________ effect helps to explain why so many people believe in horoscopes and tarot card reading despite the lack of evidence that such practices have any validity.

Back 48

P.T. Barnum

Front 49

factor analysis

Back 49

The statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories

Front 50

Behavior-genetic methods help psychologists to disentangle three broad influences on personality: shared environmental factors, nonshared environmental factors, and ________.

Back 50

genetic factors

Front 51

B.F. Skinner was a _________

Back 51

radical behavorist

Front 52

Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development

and years

Back 52

1. oral (birth -1 yr) sucking
2. anal (1-3 yrs) pooping
3. phallic (3-6 yrs) genitals
4. latency (6 to 12 yrs) dormant sexual stage
5. genital (12+ yrs) emergence of sex and relationships

Front 53

Most case studies of personality represent the ____________ approach.

Back 53

idiographic

Front 54

Which theorist held the belief that striving for superiority is the principal motive in human personality?

Back 54

Alfred Adler

Front 55

n Rotter’s concept of locus of control, psychological distress is associated with a(n) _______ locus of control.

Back 55

external

Front 56

According to Freud, the _______ must interact with the real world and find ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies

Back 56

ego

Front 57

A classic example of the idiographic approach was presented in a book by Gordon Allport titled _________

Back 57

Letters from Jenny